scholarly journals Changes in Spatial Inequality and Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Lima

2021 ◽  
pp. 471-490
Author(s):  
Graciela Fernández-de-Córdova ◽  
Paola Moschella ◽  
Ana María Fernández-Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Dissimilarity Index ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
The City

AbstractSince the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the long-established opposition between the centre and the periphery, developing a more complex arrangement. Sustained national economic growth has allowed better socio-economic conditions in different areas of the city. However, high inequality still remains in the ways of production of urban space, which affects residential segregation. To identify possible changes in the segregation patterns of Metropolitan Lima, this study focuses on the spatial patterns of occupational groups, examining their causes and relation with income inequality. The analysis is based on the 1993 and 2007 census data, measuring residential segregation by the Dissimilarity Index, comparing with the Diversity Index. The results confirm trends towards increased segregation between occupational groups. Top occupational groups are concentrated in central areas, expanding into adjacent districts. Bottom occupational groups are over-represented in distant neighbourhoods. In-between, a new, more mixed, transitional zone has emerged in upgraded formerly low-income neighbourhoods. Areas of lower occupational diversity coincide with extreme income values, forming spaces of greater segregation. In the metropolitan centre–periphery pattern, the centre has expanded, while the periphery has been shifted to outer peripheral rings.

scholarly journals GRANDES EMPREENDIMENTOS HABITACIONAIS NA CIDADE DE UBERLÂNDIA – MG

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivone Tavares Batista ◽  
Julio Cesar De Lima Ramires
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Housing Developments ◽  
City Hall ◽  
Real Estate Projects ◽  
The City ◽  
Housing Estates ◽  
Land Space

LARGE HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CITY OF UBERLÂNDIA – MGGRANDES EMPRENDIMIENTOS HABITACIONALES EN LA CIUDAD DE UBERLÂNDIA – MGO presente artigo busca demostrar e equiparar algumas formas de ocupação do espaço territorial urbano, onde os empreendimentos imobiliários, em parcerias com o Governo Federal, trazem para os municípios os conjuntos habitacionais, que comtemplam principalmente a população de baixa renda. Este trabalho objetiva analisar os empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social implantados ao longo de décadas na cidade de Uberlândia, os quais implicam grandes efeitos na conjuntura urbana da cidade. Utiliza-se, como metodologia principal, pesquisas de arquivos da Prefeitura Municipal de Uberlândia, tendo como resultado o número de famílias atendidas pelos programas de habitação popular, o que traz a lume o grande valor da expansão das políticas públicas em relação à casa própria. Foi destacado, como objeto de análise, o grande empreendimento implantado no Setor Sul da cidade, denominado de Shopping Park III, IV, V, VI e VII, que colaborou para a diminuição da falta de moradia no Município de Uberlândia – MG.Palavras-chave: Espaço Urbano; Conjuntos Habitacionais; Ocupações Irregulares; Governo.ABSTRACTArticle present search demonstrate and match some forms of occupation of urban land space, where real estate projects with government partnerships bring to the municipalities the housing, which will mainly contemplate the low-income population, may provide these quality a dignified life. This work aims to analyze the housing developments of social interest implanted over decades in the city of Uberlândia using as main methodology searches files of the City Hall of Uberlândia resulting in the number of families served by the popular housing programs, realizing how much is necessary expansion of public policies in relation to home ownership. It was highlighted as analyzed in the great enterprise implant in Sector South of the city, called Shopping Park III, IV, V, VI and VII, which contributed to the reduction of homelessness in the city of Uberlândia - MG.Keywords: Urban Space; Housing Estates; Illegal Occupation; Government.RESUMEN El presente artículo busca demostrar y equipar algunas formas de ocupación del espacio territorial urbano, donde los emprendimientos inmobiliarios en alianzas con el Gobierno, traen a los municipios los conjuntos habitacionales, que van a comportarse principalmente a la población de bajos ingresos. Este trabajo objetiva analizar los emprendimientos habitacionales de interés social implantados a lo largo de décadas en la ciudad de Uberlândia utilizando como metodología principal investigaciones archivos del Ayuntamiento Municipal de Uberlândia dando como resultado el número de familias atendidas por los programas de vivienda popular, percibiendo cuán necesaria es la expansión de las políticas públicas en relación a la casa propia. Se destacó como objeto de análisis el gran emprendimiento implantado en el Sector Sur de la ciudad, denominado de Shopping Park III, IV, V, VI y VII, que colaboró para la disminución de la falta de vivienda en el Municipio de Uberlândia - MG.Palabras clave: Espacio Urbano; Conjuntos Habitacionales; Ocupaciones Irregulares; Gobierno.

scholarly journals Changes in Occupational Structure and Residential Segregation in Tokyo

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-226
Author(s):  
Masaya Uesugi
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
The Core ◽  
The City

AbstractSimilar to other industrialized countries, Japan has experienced a growth in income inequality since the 1980s. Furthermore, in the past few decades, Tokyo has come to adopt a more liberalist position for not only welfare and housing policy of the state but also to urban policy. This chapter examines the changes in socio-spatial inequality in Tokyo from 2000 to 2015. During this period, segregation indices confirm some level of residential separation between the top and bottom occupational groups, and segregation is fairly stable over time. This suggests that certain factors counteract the increase of residential segregation. A comparison between the Tokyo Metropolitan Region and the core city reveals that the core city amplifies spatial inequality. In contrast to the limited change in the city-wide levels of segregation, the changes in the residential patterns show that people with high occupational status tend to concentrate around the main railway station in suburban areas in the region and inside the core city, especially adjacent to the central neighborhoods.

scholarly journals Reflexões sobre o desenvolvimento em cidades pequenas: o caso de Esperança, estado da Paraíba

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (33) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
João Paulo Gomes de Vasconcelos Aragão ◽  
Caroline Oliveira Porto Souza
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Local Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Development Discourse ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Economic Dimension ◽  
The City

The Aim of this research is to debate the apparent dissociation between the development discourse and its effectiveness in the internal context of small cities, aiming to identify its peculiarities from the case of the city of Esperança, located at the Agreste region of the State of Paraíba. This city represents in its socio-spatial dynamics the dilemmas and contradictions of development in small cities. The deductive hypothetical method was used to analyze the socio-spatial dynamics from its configurations in scales beyond the local area, to those of materialization in the intra-urban dimension. As a result, the scientific scope of the subject was verified in relation to the contribution of sciences, such as Geography, Economics and Sociology. In addition, it was observed the need of enlargement and balance between public policies that drive to the reproduction of urban space and the implementation of development, as a practice of humanity and sustainability, for all who live in small cities. The study of the city of Esperança exemplified the contradiction. First of all, between policies that restricts the perspective of development to the economic dimension of social and political life and, secondly, the mismanagement of the state on periurban spaces (urban fringes) that expose the urgency of Actions to mitigate the lack of public services, especially, to the social groups of low income.

scholarly journals Produção imobiliária e reestruturação intraurbana em Passo Fundo - RS

2021 ◽  
pp. 263-289
Author(s):  
DIEGO FERRETTO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Population ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
The City

This article aims to discuss the spread of horizontal condominiums and planned neighborhoods in the city of Passo Fundo - RS, in the decade of 2010. It is assumed that the new real estate products redefine the processes of socio-spatial segregation, showing the dispersion of the classes of middle and high income for peripheral areas, traditionally occupied by the low-income population. The reframing of the periphery denotes the complexification of the intra-urban socio-spatial structure, indicating the emergence of new patterns of socio-spatial segregation, superimposed on the traditional center-periphery model, constituted in the 20th century. In this context, it is argued that it is possible to recognize ongoing common processes, characterized by significant disruptions with the previous logic of production of intra-urban space.

scholarly journals Problematization of the development of non-capital cities in the works of Soviet and post-Soviet researchers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-154
Author(s):  
Olga A. Bogatova ◽  
Guzel I. Makarova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
General Dynamics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

The article is dedicated to a critical analysis of the theoretical and methodological developments of Soviet and Russian scientists in the field of urbanism and sociology of the city. The relevance of this work is seen in the fact that today the desire of a significant part of Russian citizens (especially young people) to move to Moscow, St. Petersburg and a number of large cities - centres of the subjects of the Russian Federation leads to a weakening of the spatial framework of the country. This makes it important to study the topic in the context of urbanisation processes in general. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of the approaches of domestic scientists to the problems of the city, and non-capital cities in particular, as well as their general dynamics in the late Soviet, post-Soviet and modern periods. In the 1970s–1980s urbanisation processes in the USSR were subordinated to production (the leading theme was “city and labor”); the settlement strategy continued, the advantages and contradictions of new cities were noted, the importance of including small towns in the agglomeration was emphasised. The foundations of urban social planning were developed, the ideology of "developed socialism" contributed to the formation of the problematics of the urban way of life and communities. During the Perestroika period, many of the principles of urban development were formulated in opposition to the Soviet ones. The city was understood as a self-developing system, the individual was declared the measure of urban processes. The settlement system, that determines the most acute problems of new cities, was critically assessed. Differentiation of the capital and non-capital cities of Russia, serious contradictions in the development of small towns, and the weakening of agglomerations were noted. The focus was made on maintaining the large and largest urban centres. In the 2000s, extreme criticism of Soviet urbanisation was overcome, strategic urban planning, the idea of preserving the network of small and medium-sized cities, and the development of agglomerations as the basis for the country's spatial development were promoted. The direction of research of intercity and intracity stratification in the context of problems of spatial inequality, urban activism and urban social environment was being developed. The authors come to the conclusion that Russia has accumulated a wealth of experience in studying urbanisation processes. This suggests that in the future it will be possible to successfully combine the use of cities as reference points for the country's integration with the planning ideas developed during the Soviet period and models for the formation of a comfortable urban space, based on the activities of local communities.

scholarly journals Future access to essential services in a growing smart city: The case of Surrey, British Columbia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Mayaud ◽  
Martino Tran ◽  
Rafael Henrique Moreas Pereira ◽  
Rohan Nuttall
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
The City

The concept of accessibility – the ease with which people can reach places or opportunities –lies at the heart of what makes cities livable, workable and sustainable. As urban populations shift over time, predicting the changes to accessibility demand for certain services becomes crucial for responsible and ‘smart’ urban planning and infrastructure investment. In this study, we investigate how projected population change could affect accessibility to essential services in the City of Surrey, one of the fastest growing cities in Canada. Our objectives are two-fold: first, to quantify the additional pressure that Surrey’s growing population will have on existing facilities; second, to investigate how changes in the spatial distribution of different age and income groups will impact accessibility equity across the city. We evaluated accessibility levels to healthcare facilities and schools across Surrey’s multimodal transport network using origin-destination matrices, and combined this information with high-resolution longitudinal census data. Paying close attention to two vulnerable population groups – children and youth (0–19 years of age) and seniors (65+ years of age) – we analyzed shifts in accessibility demand from 2016 to 2022. The results show that population growth both within and outside the catchments of existing facilities will have varying implications for future accessibility demand in different areas of the city. By 2022, the city’s hospitals and walk-in clinics will be accessible to ~9,000 and ~124,000 more people (respectively) within a predefined threshold of 30 minutes by public transport. Schools will also face increased demand, as ~8,000 additional children/youth in 2022 will move to areas with access to at least half of the city’s schools. Conversely, over 27,000 more people – almost half of them seniors – will not be able to access a hospital in under 30 minutes by 2022. Since low-income and senior residents moving into poorly connected areas tend to be more reliant on public transport, accessibility equity may decline in some rural communities. Our study highlights how open-source data and code can be leveraged to conduct in-depth analysis of accessibility demand across a city, which is key for ensuring inclusive and ‘smart’ urban investment strategies.

scholarly journals Insights from self-organizing maps for predicting accessibility demand for healthcare infrastructure

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Mayaud ◽  
Sam Anderson ◽  
Martino Tran ◽  
Valentina Radic
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Urban Accessibility ◽  
The City

As urban populations grow worldwide, it becomes increasingly important to critically analyse accessibility – the ease with which residents can reach key places or opportunities. The combination of ‘big data’ and advances in computational techniques such as machine learning (ML) could be a boon for urban accessibility studies, yet their application remains limited in this field. In this study, we aim to more robustly relate socio-economic factors to healthcare accessibility across a city experiencing rapid population growth, using a novel combination of clustering methods. We applied a powerful ML clustering tool, the self-organising map (SOM), in conjunction with principal component analysis (PCA), to examine how income shifts over time (2016–2022) could affect accessibility equity to healthcare for senior populations (65+ years) in the City of Surrey, Canada. We characterised accessibility levels to hospitals and walk-in clinics using door-to-door travel times, and combined this with high-resolution census data. Higher income clusters are projected to become more prevalent across the city over the study period, in some cases incurring into previously low income areas. However, low income clusters have on average much better accessibility to healthcare facilities than high income clusters, and their accessibility levels are projected to increase between 2016 and 2022. By attributing temporal differences through cross-term analysis, we show that population growth will be the biggest accessibility challenge in neighbourhoods with existing access to healthcare, whereas income change (both positive and negative) will be most challenging in poorly connected neighbourhoods. A dual accessibility problem may therefore arise in Surrey. First, large senior populations will reside in areas with access to numerous, and close-by, clinics, putting pressure on existing facilities for specialised services. Second, lower-income seniors will increasingly reside in areas poorly connected to healthcare services; since these populations are likely to be highly reliant on public transportation, accessibility equity may suffer. To our knowledge, this study is the first to apply a combination of PCA and SOM techniques in the context of urban accessibility, and it demonstrates the value of this clustering approach for drawing planning policy recommendations from large multivariate datasets.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Residential Segregation and Income Inequality in Bogotá: An Analysis Based on Census Data of 2005

2021 ◽  
pp. 433-450
Author(s):  
Alexandra López Martínez ◽  
Owen Eli Ceballos Mina
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Urban Transformations ◽  
Socioeconomic Segregation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
American Cities ◽  
The City

AbstractResidential segregation is both a cause and consequence of socioeconomic inequalities. Since the 1990s, segregation patterns in Latin American cities have changed significantly. This is related to major urban transformations caused by privatization policies related to urban development, commercialization, and real estate activity. The main purpose of this chapter is to study residential socioeconomic segregation in the city of Bogotá, Colombia in 2005, using educational attainment as an indicator of socioeconomic status while considering the drivers of segregation during the 1990s. We also introduce a brief analysis of the relationship between residential segregation and inequality based on a model that allows replicating the income distribution of the population using census variables. This chapter shows that residential segregation in Bogotá is related to per capita income inequality, however, segregation may be caused by the dynamics of land and housing markets rather than inequality.

The Role of Accessibility to Public Transport and Quality of Walking Environment on Urban Equity: The Case of Santiago de Chile

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (35) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Tiznado-Aitken ◽  
Juan Carlos Muñoz ◽  
Ricardo Hurtubia
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Modal Shift ◽  
Lorenz Curves ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Walking Environment ◽  
The City

Most studies of public transport accessibility have focused on proximity to stops, walking distances or time to reach them. This approach ignores other accessibility barriers, such as the quality of the urban environment of these walks. The aim of this research is to analyze both accessibility to public transport stops and the quality of the urban walking environment, exploring fairness issues across the city in terms of these two dimensions. The proposed methodology considers the definition of two indicators: walking accessibility to public transport stops and quality of the walking environment, considering different attributes and dimensions. These indicators are later used to develop a fairness analysis at the local and metropolitan level, using Lorenz curves, Gini coefficient, and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures. A diagnosis based on these indicators for Santiago de Chile allows us to suggest public policy priorities to improve accessibility to public transport and promote modal shift. The results show that 12 out of 34 municipalities in Santiago are deprived of one or both dimensions, not managing to achieve minimum fairness standards. Moreover, since a correlation between low income and poor access and urban space quality is detected, urban fairness across the city would benefit from centralized urban policies not depending on the budget of each administrative division.

scholarly journals SMART TECHNOLOGIES, ALGORITHMIC GOVERNANCE AND DATA JUSTICE

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Whelan ◽  
Alexandra James ◽  
Justine Humphry ◽  
Tanja Dreher ◽  
Danielle Hynes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Data Capture ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Smart Technologies ◽  
The City

This panel engages critically with the development, application and emerging effects of ‘smart’ technologies of governance. Attending specifically to the ramifications of new forms of (‘big’) data capture and integration implemented by or for state agencies, the panel describes how the rollout of these technologies impacts on and is shaped by contexts prefigured by social and economic inequalities. Two specific arenas are addressed and juxtaposed, with two papers on each of these. The first arena is the introduction of ‘smart city’ technologies and their implications for low income and marginalised communities. Often presented as novel augmentations of urban space, enhancing and customising the urban experience at the same time that they increase the city’s efficiency and ‘awareness’, smart city technologies also reconfigure urban spaces and how they are understood and governed by rendering the city a site of data generation and capture. This presents new opportunities and risks for residents and powerful commercial and state actors alike. The emergence of public wi-fi kiosks as a means of providing internet access to underserved communities, as one panellist describes, can be shown to expose low-income residents to new forms of surveillance and to new kinds of inequity in terms of the asymmetry of information made available to the parties in the exchange at the kiosk. Surveillance and data capture is organised to particular ends and powerful interests shape and leverage the design and affordances of such initiatives in particular ways. Insofar as concerns are raised about these developments, they are commonly framed in terms of individual rights to privacy, missing the scale of the issues involved. It is not merely that ‘opting out’ becomes untenable. As other panellists show, the issues involved are fundamentally social rather than individual in that they foreground questions around the appropriate relations between state and commercial actors, the use and nature of public space, and the uneven distribution of rights of access to space, information, and other resources within the city. Economically disenfranchised groups are not only denied meaningful access and participation, but colonised by data processes designed to extract various forms of value from their use of ‘public’ infrastructure which may not best serve their own interests. The second arena addressed by the panel is the role of algorithmic governance and artificial intelligence in the provision of social welfare. This context is described in terms of both the effects for the frontline service encounter, and the design, justification, and implementation of the technologies reformatting this encounter from key locations within state agencies. Emerging technological infrastructures for social welfare do not simply reconfigure how existing services are offered and accessed. They facilitate the identification of new target populations for intervention, at the same time that they introduce additional burdens, hurdles and forms of intervention and surveillance for these populations. As such, it is evident in the design and application of these technologies that they accord with and expedite punitive logics in welfare provision, providing new opportunities for the application of dominant neoliberal governance strategies. In both arenas, one can conceptualize ‘pipelines’ for the implementation of these developments. These pipelines are interstitial and heterogeneous, and combine different timelines, technologies and actors. They are often technically or administratively opaque or otherwise obscured from view. This gives rise to a methodological and intellectual problem, around the extent to which researchers can say they know enough to point to determining instances, political agendas, commercial agreements, incidental alignments and so on in such a way as to advocate effectively for democratic input and oversight. In this sense the papers assembled highlight how these developments call for new politics of method, new modalities of analysis and critique, and more effective activist and academic engagements with the question of how ideals of justice and equity can best be instantiated in these contexts.

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