scholarly journals Socially Induced False Memories in the Absence of Misinformation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ullrich Wagner ◽  
Gerald Echterhoff
Keyword(s):  
False Memories ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
First Time

Abstract Ample evidence shows that post-encoding misinformation from others can induce false memories. Here, we demonstrate in two experiments a new, tacit form of socially generated false memories, resulting from interpersonal co-monitoring at encoding without communication of misinformation. Pairs of participants jointly viewed semantically coherent word lists, presented successively in blue, green, or red letters. Each individual was instructed to memorize words presented in one of the colors. One color remained unassigned (control condition). Participants reported more false memories for non-presented words (lures) semantically related to partner-assigned than to control lists, although both list types were equally irrelevant to their own task. Notably, this effect also persisted for particularly rich memories. These findings show for the first time that social induction of false memories, even subjectively rich ones, does not necessarily require communication of deceptive information. This has important implications both theoretically and practically (e.g. in forensic contexts).

scholarly journals Socially induced false memories in the absence of misinformation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ullrich Wagner ◽  
Gerald Echterhoff
Keyword(s):  
False Memories ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
First Time

Ample evidence shows that post-encoding misinformation from others can induce false memories. Here, we demonstrate in two experiments a new, tacit form of socially generated false memories, resulting from interpersonal co-monitoring at encoding without communication of misinformation. Pairs of participants jointly viewed semantically coherent word lists, presented successively in blue, green, or red letters. Each individual was instructed to memorize words presented in one of the colors. One color remained unassigned (control condition). Participants reported more false memories for non-presented words (lures) semantically related to partner-assigned than to control lists, although both list types were equally irrelevant to their own task. Notably, this effect also persisted for particularly rich memories. These findings show for the first time that social induction of false memories, even subjectively rich ones, does not necessarily require communication of deceptive information. This has important implications both theoretically and practically (e.g. in forensic contexts).

scholarly journals Experimental evidence for foraminiferal calcification under anoxia

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 4029-4038 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Nardelli ◽  
C. Barras ◽  
E. Metzger ◽  
A. Mouret ◽  
H. L. Filipsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Anoxic Conditions ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Foraminiferal Species ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Benthic foraminiferal tests are widely used for paleoceanographic reconstructions from a range of different environments with varying dissolved oxygen concentrations in the bottom water. There is ample evidence that foraminifera can live in anoxic sediments. For some species, this is explained by a switch to facultative anaerobic metabolism (i.e. denitrification). Here we show for the first time that adult specimens of three benthic foraminiferal species are not only able to survive, but are also able to calcify under anoxic conditions, at various depths in the sediment, and with or without nitrates. In fact, several specimens of Ammonia tepida (1–4%), Bulimina marginata (8–24%) and Cassidulina laevigata (16–23%) were able to calcify at different redox fronts of sediment cores, under laboratory conditions. This demonstrates ongoing metabolic processes, even in micro-environments where denitrification is not possible. Earlier observations suggest that the disappearance of foraminiferal communities after prolonged anoxia is not due to instantaneous or strongly increased adult mortality. Here we show that it cannot be explained by an inhibition of growth through chamber addition either. Our observations of ongoing calcification under anoxic conditions mean that geochemical proxy data obtained from benthic foraminifera in settings experiencing intermittent anoxia have to be reconsidered. The analysis of whole single specimens or of their successive chambers may provide essential information about short-term environmental variability and/or the causes of anoxia.

The Earliest Example of Christian Hymnody

1945 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Wellesz
Keyword(s):  
Early Christianity ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Christian Music ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Musical Notation ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hymn Singing

From Patristic writings ample evidence can be gathered about the important part which hymn-singing held in Early Christianity. Until recently, however, Early Christian hymnography was known only from documents transmitting the text but not the music. The discovery and publication of a Christian hymn in Greek with musical notation was, therefore, bound to change the whole aspect of studies concerned with the history of Early Christian music. This happened, as is well known, in 1922 when, under No. 1786 of the fifteenth volume of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri A. S. Hunt edited a fragment of a hymn, dating from the late third century, together with a transcript of the music by H. Stuart Jones. For the first time it became possible to realize what kind of music Greek-speaking Christians in Egypt sang in praise of the Lord.

scholarly journals Normative data for semantically associated Spanish word lists that create false memories

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Anastasi ◽  
Alicia De Leon ◽  
Matthew G. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Spanish Word ◽  
Word Lists

AN INVESTIGATION OF FALSE MEMORIES IN ANXIOUS AND FEARFUL INDIVIDUALS

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Wenzel ◽  
Candice Jostad ◽  
Jennifer R. Brendle ◽  
F. Richard Ferraro ◽  
Chad M. Lystad
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Social Evaluative Threat ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Target Words

The present study applied the Deese-Roediger-McDermott false memory paradigm to examine whether anxious and fearful individuals exhibit higher recall and recognition rates of never presented threat words than nonanxious individuals. In Study 1, 39 spider fearful individuals, 28 blood fearful individuals, and 41 nonfearful individuals learned four word lists associated with unpresented target words: “spider”, “blood”, “river”, and “music”. Regardless of whether participants completed only a recognition task or a recall task and then a recognition task, there were no differences as a function of group in the degree to which they falsely remembered unpresented target threat words. In Study 2, 48 socially anxious and 51 nonanxious individuals learned four lists associated with social/evaluative threat unpresented target words and four lists associated with neutral unpresented target words. Similar to the findings from Study 1, groups did not differ in the degree to which they falsely remembered target words. These findings add to an increasingly large literature suggesting that anxious individuals are not characterized by a memory bias toward threat.

scholarly journals Testing pragmatic inferences: The impact of language and culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Paula Carneiro ◽  
Ana Lapa ◽  
Júlia Reis ◽  
Tânia Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Recall Data ◽  
Pragmatic Implication ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractPragmatic inferences are one way to study false memories in real-world situations. We aimed to investigate variances in responses to pragmatic implication sentences between Portuguese and American data, presenting, for the first time, normative data of cued recall and recognition for pragmatic implication sentences in Portuguese. In Study 1 we analyzed cued-recall data for Portuguese pragmatic sentences. The proportions of cued- recall for correct and inference responses of each sentence did not significantly correlate with the values of American normative data. In Studies 2a and 2b we analysed forced-recognition data for pragmatic sentences, one with American participants and English sentences (Study 2a) and the other with Portuguese participants and Portuguese sentences (Study 2b). Moreover, two conditions of sentences presentations were applied to eventually detect an influence of the sentences’ format, which was not find in both studies. The levels of recognition for correct and inferences were very similar between those two studies but the correlation, sentence by sentence, was low. Together, these results suggest an important recommendation for further studies - normed material for a specific language/culture is a crucial factor to be considered when conducting research on pragmatic inferences.

scholarly journals Foreign and Russian legal psychology: meeting in St. Petersburg

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-97
Author(s):  
E.G. Dozortseva
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Forensic Psychology ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
State University ◽  
International Forum ◽  
Psychology And Law ◽  
Legal Psychology ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
First Time

24 - 27 June 2014 in St. Petersburg state University hosted the conference of the European Association of Psychology and Law (EAPL ) "Actual problems of legal psychology. Victims and witnesses: from research to effective practice". The conference was attended by over 330 professionals from 24 countries, making it the largest international forum on legal psychology in Russia. Special symposia were dedicated to an outstanding scientist working in the field of forensic psychology in the Netherlands and Russia, - V. A. Wagenaar and M. M. Kochenova. 42 thematic sessions presentations were made, covering all areas of legal psychology. For the first time foreign colleagues and national experts had the opportunity to get acquainted with the issues and each other's experiences in this volume. Great attention was paid to the issues of memory, true and false memories, lie detection, of investigation of serial crimes. A feature of the conference was the active participation not only of psychologists but also of lawyers, who presented his view of psychological problems in a legal context. Currently is working on a book, a collection of papers following the conference.

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