Title: Bacteriophage Φ6 (Phi6) as a Surrogate for Enveloped Viral pathogens in Standard and Long-lasting Virucidal Efficacy Tests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime B. Hutchison ◽  
Chris Plummer ◽  
Gareth Garner ◽  
Amit Sehgal ◽  
Laura B. Purevdorj-Gage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Surface Stability ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
The Uk ◽  
First Time ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Virucidal Efficacy

Abstract Development of novel antimicrobials capable of providing long-lasting disinfection on surfaces requires the implementation of new standardized methods to support claims recognized by regulatory authorities. Surrogates for viral pathogens are often desired in order for BSL-2 labs to conduct these new efficacy tests safely and efficiently, however, the knowledge of surrogate suitability for these tests is limited. Here, for the first time, we determine the resistance profile of the bacteriophage Phi6 to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in a variety of test conditions. Additionally, we show that Phi6 can be used to demonstrate the long-lasting virucidal efficacy of a novel antimicrobial, Actizone™ F5, and that the Phi6 is more resistant to QACs following the UK standard long-lasting disinfection test BSI PAS2424:2014 than Vaccinia virus, which is the marker strain for claims of activity against enveloped viruses in Europe. Surface stability as well as benefits and limitations of Phi6 use relative to other enveloped viruses for antimicrobial testing is also discussed.

Virucidal efficacy of the newer quaternary ammonium compounds

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Kennedy ◽  
VS Mellon ◽  
G Caldwell ◽  
LN Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Virucidal Activity ◽  
Virus Assay ◽  
Feline Herpesvirus ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Virucidal Efficacy

The virucidal activity of several disinfectants containing newer generation quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as their active ingredients was evaluated. Disinfectants were used at the manufacturers' recommended dilutions with isolates of feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus, and canine parvovirus, and a contact time of 10 minutes at room temperature. Detoxification of virus/disinfectant solutions was done by dialysis prior to virus assay in cell cultures. Two of four disinfectants completely inactivated feline herpesvirus, and two significantly reduced the titer of this virus. None of the disinfectants that were tested completely inactivated feline calicivirus. Canine parvovirus was not inactivated significantly by any of the QAC disinfectants. Sodium hypochlorite completely inactivated all viruses.

Determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in food products by the method of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution mass-spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
V. G. Amelin ◽  
D. S. Bolshakov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
High Resolution Mass ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Resolution Mass

The goal of the study is developing a methodology for determination of the residual amounts of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) in food products by UHPLC/high-resolution mass spectrometry after water-acetonitrile extraction of the determined components from the analyzed samples. The identification and determination of QAC was carried out on an «UltiMate 3000» ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph (Thermo Scientific, USA) equipped with a «maXis 4G» high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometric detector and an ion spray «ionBooster» source (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). Samples of milk, cheese (upper cortical layer), dumplings, pork, chicken skin and ground beef were used as working samples. Optimal conditions are specified for chromatographic separation of the mixture of five QAC, two of them being a mixture of homologues with a linear structure (including isomeric forms). The identification of QAC is carried out by the retention time, exact mass of the ions, and coincidence of the mSigma isotopic distribution. The limits for QAC detection are 0.1 – 0.5 ng/ml, the determination limits are 1 ng/ml for aqueous standard solutions. The determinable content of QAC in food products ranges within 1 – 100 ng/g. The results of analysis revealed the residual amount of QAC present in all samples, which confirms data of numerous sources of information about active use of QAC-based disinfectants in the meat and dairy industry. The correctness of the obtained results is verified by introduction of the additives in food products at a level of 10 ng/g for each QAC. The relative standard deviation of the analysis results does not exceed 0.18. The duration of the analysis is 30 – 40 min.

To bee or not to beet with neonicotinoids

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Lynda M. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Precautionary Approach ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Commercial Sugar ◽  
The Uk ◽  
First Time

In January 2021 the UK government granted an application for authorisation to use thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid pesticide, to protect commercial sugar beet crops from attack by viruses transmitted by aphids. This was the first time such an authorisation had been granted in the United Kingdom (UK) and there were concerns that it signalled a weakening of environmental standards now that the UK was no longer part of the European Union. In fact, similar authorisations had been granted by several European Member States in the last 2 years, despite the ban on the use of neonicotinoids introduced in 2018. Nevertheless, the reasons for granting the authorisation do suggest that the balance between adopting a precautionary approach to environmental protection and taking emergency action to protect economic interests may have shifted. It was acknowledged that the proposed mitigation to safeguard bees and other wildlife was not entirely satisfactory. In the end, due to unforeseen weather conditions it meant that the pesticide is not necessary, which in itself demonstrates that short-term emergency measures are unsuitable for dealing with the problem. If the sugar beet industry is to continue to prosper in the UK, it will need to be managed in a way that provides resistance to virus infection without the use of controversial chemicals.

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