scholarly journals Geographic distribution and prevalence of human echinococcosis at the township level in the Tibet Autonomous Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liying WANG ◽  
Gongsang Quzhen ◽  
Min Qin ◽  
Ze-hang Liu ◽  
Hua-sheng Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
Spatial Scan ◽  
Primary Cluster ◽  
Human Echinococcosis

Abstract Background Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by larval stages of cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus. Echinococcosis is prevalent in 10 provinces/autonomous regions in western and northern China. A 2016 epidemiological survey of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) showed that the prevalence of human echinococcosis was 1.66% which is much higher than the average prevalence in China (0.24%). Therefore, understanding the prevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of human echinococcosis at the township level in TAR is critical. Methods Data from echinococcosis cases were obtained from 692 TAR townships in 2018. Cases were identified using the B-ultrasonography diagnostic method. The epidemic status of echinococcosis was classified in all townships in TAR according to the relevant standards of population prevalence indexes as defined in the national technical plan for echinococcosis control. Spatial scan statistics were used to highlight the geographical townships most at risk of echinococcosis. SPSS 21.0 was used to calculate the prevalence for cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). For spatial clustering analyses and mapping, data were processed using ArcGIS 10.1. Spatial scan analyses were performed using SaTScan V9.5. Results In 2018, 16,009 echinococcosis cases were recorded in 74 endemic counties in TAR. The total prevalence rate was 0.53%. All the 692 townships were classified according to the order of the epidemic degree from high to low. 127 townships had prevalence rates higher than or equal to 1%. The spatial clustering scanning analysis of echinococcosis cases and exposed population showed that CE displayed one primary cluster, two secondary clusters and six minor secondary clusters. The primary cluster and other clusters were defined by Log-likelihood ratio (LLR) statistically significant values. The primary cluster covered 88 townships in 12 epidemic counties. AE displayed one primary cluster and two secondary clusters. The primary cluster covered 38 townships in 6 epidemic counties.

scholarly journals High-risk areas of leprosy in Brazil between 2001-2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayssa Nogueira Rodrigues ◽  
Heloisy Alves de Medeiros Leano ◽  
Isabela de Caux Bueno ◽  
Kleane Maria da Fonseca Azevedo Araújo ◽  
Francisco Carlos Félix Lana
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Spatial Scan Statistics ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Cluster Area ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Spatial Scan

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify high-risk areas of leprosy in Brazil from 2001 to 2015. Methods: this is an ecological study of spatial analysis based on Brazilian municipalities. Spatial scan statistics were used to identify spatial clustering and measure the relative risk from the annual detection rate of new cases of leprosy. By criterion based on the Gini index, only secondary clusters were considered. Results: spatial scan statistics detected 26 clusters, in which the detection rate was 59.19 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants, while in the remainder of the country it was 11.76. Large part of the cluster area is located in the Legal Amazon. These groups included only 21.34% of the total population, but 60.40% of the new cases of the disease. Conclusions: Leprosy remains concentrated in some areas, showing the need for control programs to intensify actions in these municipalities.

scholarly journals Spatial–temporal clustering of malaria using routinely collected health facility data on the Kenyan Coast

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Kamau ◽  
Grace Mtanje ◽  
Christine Mataza ◽  
Philip Bejon ◽  
Robert W. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Health Facility ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Spatial Scan Statistics ◽  
Kenyan Coast ◽  
Spatial Scan

Abstract Background The over-distributed pattern of malaria transmission has led to attempts to define malaria “hotspots” that could be targeted for purposes of malaria control in Africa. However, few studies have investigated the use of routine health facility data in the more stable, endemic areas of Africa as a low-cost strategy to identify hotspots. Here the objective was to explore the spatial and temporal dynamics of fever positive rapid diagnostic test (RDT) malaria cases routinely collected along the Kenyan Coast. Methods Data on fever positive RDT cases between March 2018 and February 2019 were obtained from patients presenting to six out-patients health-facilities in a rural area of Kilifi County on the Kenyan Coast. To quantify spatial clustering, homestead level geocoded addresses were used as well as aggregated homesteads level data at enumeration zone. Data were sub-divided into quarterly intervals. Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistics using Bernoulli probability model was used to detect hotspots of fever positive RDTs across all ages, where cases were febrile individuals with a positive test and controls were individuals with a negative test. Results Across 12 months of surveillance, there were nine significant clusters that were identified using the spatial scan statistics among RDT positive fevers. These clusters included 52% of all fever positive RDT cases detected in 29% of the geocoded homesteads in the study area. When the resolution of the data was aggregated at enumeration zone (village) level the hotspots identified were located in the same areas. Only two of the nine hotspots were temporally stable accounting for 2.7% of the homesteads and included 10.8% of all fever positive RDT cases detected. Conclusion Taking together the temporal instability of spatial hotspots and the relatively modest fraction of the malaria cases that they account for; it would seem inadvisable to re-design the sub-county control strategies around targeting hotspots.

scholarly journals Effects of management of infection source of echinococcosis in Linzhi, Tibet Autonomous Region of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Bing-Cheng Ma ◽  
Li-Ying Wang ◽  
Gongsang Quzhen ◽  
Hua-Sheng Pang
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Prevention Campaign ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Infection Source ◽  
Dog Infection

Abstract Background Echinococcosis is highly endemic in western and northern China. Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) is the most serious prevalent area. Linzhi is located in southeastern part of TAR. Dogs are the primary infection source for the transmission of echinococcosis to humans. A control and prevention campaign based on dog management has been implemented in the past three years. This study aims to evaluate the effects of dog management on the infection rate of dogs. Methods Data of dog population, registration and de-worming of seven counties/district in Linzhi between 2017 and 2019 were obtained from the annual prevention and control report. Domestic dog fecal samples were collected from each endemic town of seven counties/district in Linzhi in 2019 to determine the infection of domestic dogs using coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data analysis was processed using SPSS statistics to compare dog infection rate between 2016 and 2019 by chi-square test, and maps were mapped using ArcGIS. Results In Linzhi, domestic dog population has decreased from 17 407 in 2017 to 12 663 in 2019, while the registration rate has increased from 75.9% in 2017 to 98.6% in 2019. Similarly, stray dog population has decreased from 14 336 in 2017 to 11 837 in 2019, while sheltered rate has increased from 84.6% in 2017 to 96.6% in 2019. Dog de-worming frequency has increased from 4 times per annum in 2017 to 12 times in 2019, indicating that approximately every dog was dewormed monthly. A total of 2715 dog fecal samples were collected for coproantigen ELISA assay. The dog infection rate was 2.8% (77/2715) in 2019, which was significantly lower than 7.3% (45/618) in 2016 (P < 0.05). Conclusions Increased dog registration, decreased dog population, and increased dog de-worming frequency contributed to significantly decrease the dog infection rate in Linzhi. Control and prevention campaign based on dog management could significantly decrease dog infection with Echinococcus spp. in echinococcosis endemic areas.

Spatial Scan Statistics to Assess Sampling Strategy of Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Program

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R. Vieira ◽  
H. Houe ◽  
H.C. Wegener ◽  
D.M.A. Lo Fo Wong ◽  
R. Bødker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Spatial Scan Statistics ◽  
Resistance Monitoring ◽  
Spatial Scan

The Influence of Altitude on Erythropoietin Resistance Index in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: Data from Tibetan Plateau

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Zong-hui Dang ◽  
Liang-ying Gan ◽  
Ciren Luobu ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
Dialysis Vintage ◽  
Peking University ◽  
The Impact

Background: It is known that hypoxia influences many of the biologic processes involved in erythropoiesis; therefore, the high-altitude hypoxia may affect erythropoietin (EPO) responsiveness in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of altitude on EPO responsiveness in MHD patients. Methods: In this retrospective study, MHD patients from Tibet Autonomous Region People’s Hospital (3,650 m above sea level) and Peking University People’s Hospital (43.5 m above sea level) were recruited between May 2016 and December 2018. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to altitude. Variables including age, sex, dialysis vintage, dialysis modality, duration of EPO use, EPO doses, and laboratory tests were collected and analyzed. EPO responsiveness was measured in terms of the EPO resistance index (ERI). ERI was defined as the weekly weight-adjusted dose of EPO (IU/kg/week) divided by hemoglobin concentration (g/dL). The association between ERI and altitude was estimated using a multivariable linear regression model. Results: Sixty-two patients from Tibet Autonomous Region People’s Hospital (high-altitude [HA] group) and 102 patients from Peking University People’s Hospital (low-altitude [LA] group) were recruited. The ERI for HA group and LA group was 6.9 ± 5.1 IU w−1 kg−1 (g/dL)−1 and 11.5 ± 6.4 IU w−1 kg−1 (g/dL)−1, respectively. After adjusting for covariates by multivariable regression, altitude was independently associated with ERI (R2 = 0.245, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Altitude had an independent negative correlation with ERI. This result supported the hypothesis that altitude-associated hypoxia improved EPO responsiveness in MHD patients.

scholarly journals New records of Celaenorrhinus pyrrha de Nicéville, 1889 and C. munda (Moore, 1884) from China (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 985 ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Guo-Xi Xue ◽  
Yutaka Inayoshi ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
Fu-Ming Zhang ◽  
Da-Kun Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Sequence ◽  
New Records ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Male Specimen ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Tibet Autonomous Region

Celaenorrhinus pyrrha de Nicéville, 1889, a rare species of Hesperiidae previously known to be distributed from northeastern India to Indochina, is reported from southwestern Yunnan and southwestern Chongqing, China. A 658 bp COI gene sequence of this species is published for the first time. Although Chongqing is obviously isolated from the main distribution range, morphological characters of the specimens from this locality do not indicate a subspecies differentiation. Another rare taxon, C. munda munda (Moore, 1884), is also recorded from China for the first time based upon a male specimen from Cuona County in the Tibet Autonomous Region. This is the second specimen of C. munda from China, over 100 years after the holotype of C. munda joka Evans, 1949. The genitalia of both species are illustrated and described. Some taxonomic notes and a distribution map are provided as well.

Evaluation of Spatial Scan Statistics for Irregularly Shaped Clusters

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Duczmal ◽  
Martin Kulldorff ◽  
Lan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Spatial Scan Statistics ◽  
Spatial Scan
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