scholarly journals A Spiking Visual Neuron for Depth Perceptual Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunsheng Chen ◽  
Yongli He ◽  
Huiwu Mao ◽  
Li Zhu ◽  
Xiangjing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Fundamental Building Block ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Eye Fatigue ◽  
Perceptual Systems ◽  
Electronic Implementation ◽  
Visual Neuron

Abstract The biological visual system encodes information into spikes and processes them parallelly by the neural network, which enables the perception with high throughput of visual information processing at an energy budget of a few watts. The parallelism and efficiency of bio-visual system motivates electronic implementation of this biological computing paradigm, which is challenged by the lack of bionic devices, such as spiking neurons that can mimic its biological counterpart. Here, we present a highly bio-realistic spiking visual neuron based on an Ag/TaOX/ITO memristor. Such spiking visual neuron collects visual information by a photodetector, encodes them into action potentials through the memristive spiking encoder, and interprets them for recognition tasks based on a network of neuromorphic transistors. The firing spikes generated by the memristive spiking encoders have a frequency range of 1-200 Hz and sub-micro watts power consumption, very close to the biological counterparts. Furthermore, a spiking visual system is demonstrated, replicating the distance-dependent response and eye fatigue of biological visual systems. The mimicked depth perception shows a recognition improvement by adapting to sights at different distance. Our design presents a fundamental building block for energy-efficient and biologically plausible artificial visual systems.

scholarly journals Sea urchin larvae utilize light for regulating the pyloric opening

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junko Yaguchi ◽  
Shunsuke Yaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Animal Evolution ◽  
Deuterostome Evolution ◽  
Visual Systems

Abstract Background Light is essential for various biological activities. In particular, visual information through eyes or eyespots is very important for most of animals, and thus, the functions and developmental mechanisms of visual systems have been well studied to date. In addition, light-dependent non-visual systems expressing photoreceptor Opsins have been used to study the effects of light on diverse animal behaviors. However, it remains unclear how light-dependent systems were acquired and diversified during deuterostome evolution due to an almost complete lack of knowledge on the light-response signaling pathway in Ambulacraria, one of the major groups of deuterostomes and a sister group of chordates. Results Here, we show that sea urchin larvae utilize light for digestive tract activity. We found that photoirradiation of larvae induces pyloric opening even without addition of food stimuli. Micro-surgical and knockdown experiments revealed that this stimulating light is received and mediated by Go(/RGR)-Opsin (Opsin3.2 in sea urchin genomes) cells around the anterior neuroectoderm. Furthermore, we found that the anterior neuroectodermal serotoninergic neurons near Go-Opsin-expressing cells are essential for mediating light stimuli-induced nitric oxide (NO) release at the pylorus. Our results demonstrate that the light>Go-Opsin>serotonin>NO pathway functions in pyloric opening during larval stages. Conclusions The results shown here will lead us to understand how light-dependent systems of pyloric opening functioning via neurotransmitters were acquired and established during animal evolution. Based on the similarity of nervous system patterns and the gut proportions among Ambulacraria, we suggest the light>pyloric opening pathway may be conserved in the clade, although the light signaling pathway has so far not been reported in other members of the group. In light of brain-gut interactions previously found in vertebrates, we speculate that one primitive function of anterior neuroectodermal neurons (brain neurons) may have been to regulate the function of the digestive tract in the common ancestor of deuterostomes. Given that food consumption and nutrient absorption are essential for animals, the acquirement and development of brain-based sophisticated gut regulatory system might have been important for deuterostome evolution.

MAGNOCELLULAR PATHWAY FOR ROTATION INVARIANT NEOCOGNITRON

1993 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER HIAN-ANN TING
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Neural Network Model ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Input Pattern ◽  
Arbitrary Orientation ◽  
Magnocellular Pathway ◽  
Rotation Invariant ◽  
Parvocellular Pathway ◽  
Simulation Programme

In the mammalian visual system, magnocellular pathway and parvocellular pathway cooperatively process visual information in parallel. The magnocellular pathway is more global and less particular about the details while the parvocellular pathway recognizes objects based on the local features. In many aspects, Neocognitron may be regarded as the artificial analogue of the parvocellular pathway. It is interesting then to model the magnocellular pathway. In order to achieve "rotation invariance" for Neocognitron, we propose a neural network model after the magnocellular pathway and expand its roles to include surmising the orientation of the input pattern prior to recognition. With the incorporation of the magnocellular pathway, a basic shift in the original paradigm has taken place. A pattern is now said to be recognized when and only when one of the winners of the magnocellular pathway is validified by the parvocellular pathway. We have implemented the magnocellular pathway coupled with Neocognitron parallel on transputers; our simulation programme is now able to recognize numerals in arbitrary orientation.

scholarly journals Selection of visual information for lightness judgements by eye movements

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1628) ◽  
pp. 20130056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Toscani ◽  
Matteo Valsecchi ◽  
Karl R. Gegenfurtner
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Target Layer ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Selection Of

When judging the lightness of objects, the visual system has to take into account many factors such as shading, scene geometry, occlusions or transparency. The problem then is to estimate global lightness based on a number of local samples that differ in luminance. Here, we show that eye fixations play a prominent role in this selection process. We explored a special case of transparency for which the visual system separates surface reflectance from interfering conditions to generate a layered image representation. Eye movements were recorded while the observers matched the lightness of the layered stimulus. We found that observers did focus their fixations on the target layer, and this sampling strategy affected their lightness perception. The effect of image segmentation on perceived lightness was highly correlated with the fixation strategy and was strongly affected when we manipulated it using a gaze-contingent display. Finally, we disrupted the segmentation process showing that it causally drives the selection strategy. Selection through eye fixations can so serve as a simple heuristic to estimate the target reflectance.

scholarly journals A virtual Environment Interface to Compare Autonomous Perceptual Systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Caudell
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Virtual Reality Technology ◽  
Virtual Tools ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Perceptual Systems

This paper describes the on-going development of a novel interface approach to understanding complex systems. We present a description of an interface, referred to as a Homunculus, which allows an experimenter to explore complex systems through immersive virtual reality technology. We describe an initial application under development where the Encephalon, a biologically motivated neural architecture, is used to control a robotics system. Encephalon modules are represented in the Homunculus as 3D icons. Information flow between modules of the neural network is represented as graphical animations. Virtual tools will be available to view, manipulate, model, diagnose, analyze, and navigate through the software and multi-dimensional data. We discuss many important research questions revealed by this work.

scholarly journals Using perceptual tasks to selectively measure magnocellular and parvocellular performance: Rationale and a user’s guide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Edwards ◽  
Stephanie C. Goodhew ◽  
David R. Badcock
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Parvocellular Pathway ◽  
Lesion Studies

AbstractThe visual system uses parallel pathways to process information. However, an ongoing debate centers on the extent to which the pathways from the retina, via the Lateral Geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex, process distinct aspects of the visual scene and, if they do, can stimuli in the laboratory be used to selectively drive them. These questions are important for a number of reasons, including that some pathologies are thought to be associated with impaired functioning of one of these pathways and certain cognitive functions have been preferentially linked to specific pathways. Here we examine the two main pathways that have been the focus of this debate: the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways. Specifically, we review the results of electrophysiological and lesion studies that have investigated their properties and conclude that while there is substantial overlap in the type of information that they process, it is possible to identify aspects of visual information that are predominantly processed by either the magnocellular or parvocellular pathway. We then discuss the types of visual stimuli that can be used to preferentially drive these pathways.

scholarly journals Organization of the Drosophila larval visual circuit

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Larderet ◽  
Pauline MJ Fritsch ◽  
Nanae Gendre ◽  
G Larisa Neagu-Maier ◽  
Richard D Fetter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Wiring Diagram ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
Organizational Principles ◽  
Numerical Complexity

Visual systems transduce, process and transmit light-dependent environmental cues. Computation of visual features depends on photoreceptor neuron types (PR) present, organization of the eye and wiring of the underlying neural circuit. Here, we describe the circuit architecture of the visual system of Drosophila larvae by mapping the synaptic wiring diagram and neurotransmitters. By contacting different targets, the two larval PR-subtypes create two converging pathways potentially underlying the computation of ambient light intensity and temporal light changes already within this first visual processing center. Locally processed visual information then signals via dedicated projection interneurons to higher brain areas including the lateral horn and mushroom body. The stratified structure of the larval optic neuropil (LON) suggests common organizational principles with the adult fly and vertebrate visual systems. The complete synaptic wiring diagram of the LON paves the way to understanding how circuits with reduced numerical complexity control wide ranges of behaviors.

scholarly journals Formalism for the neural network of visual systems

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Stavenga ◽  
D. G. M. Beersma
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
The Neural Network

Visual Systems and the Role of Vision in Subterranean Rodents: Diversity of Retinal Properties and Visual System Designs

2007 ◽  
pp. 129-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Němec ◽  
Pavla Cveková ◽  
Hynek Burda ◽  
Oldřich Benada ◽  
Leo Peichl
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Subterranean Rodents ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
System Designs

The Insect Visual System: Correspondence with Vertebrates and with Olfactory Processing

2017 ◽  
pp. 293-306
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Strausfeld
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Insect Visual System ◽  
Dendritic Trees ◽  
Optic Lobes ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Valid Comparison ◽  
Olfactory Processing ◽  
Lateral Protocerebrum

A 1915 monograph by the Nobel Prize–winning neuroanatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Domingo Sánchez y Sánchez, describing neurons and their organization in the optic lobes of insects, is now standard fare for those studying the microcircuitry of the insect visual system. The work contains prescient assumptions about possible functional arrangements, such as lateral interactions, centrifugal pathways, and the convergence of neurons onto wider dendritic trees, to provide central integration of information processed at peripheral levels of the system. This chapter will consider further indications of correspondence between the insect-crustacean and the vertebrate visual systems, with particular reference to the deep organization of the optic lobe’s third optic neuropil, the lobula, and part of the lateral forebrain (protocerebrum) that receives inputs from it. Together, the lobula and lateral protocerebrum suggest valid comparison with the visual cortex and olfactory centers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document