Abstract
Malignant cell contamination in autologous transplants is a potential origin of tumor relapse. Ex vivo expansion of CD34+ blood progenitor cells (BPC) has been proposed as a tool to eliminate tumor cells from autografts. To characterize the influence of culture conditions on survival, growth, and clonogenicity of malignant cells, we isolated primary mammary carcinoma cells from pleural effusions and ascites of patients with metastatic breast cancer and cultured them in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-3, IL-6, and erythropoietin (EPO), ie, conditions previously shown to allow efficient ex vivo expansion of CD34+ BPC. In the presence of serum, tumor cells proliferated during a 7-day culture period and no significant growth-modulatory effect was attributable to the presence of hematopoietic growth factors. When transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was added to these cultures, proliferation of breast cancer cells was reduced. Expansion of clonogenic tumor cells was seen in the presence of SCF + IL-1β + IL-3 + IL-6 + EPO, but was suppressed by TGF-β1. Cocultures of tumor cells in direct cellular contact with hematopoietic cells showed that tumor cell growth could be stimulated by ex vivo expanded hematopoietic cells at high cell densities (5 × 105/mL). In contrast, culture under serum-free conditions resulted in death of greater than 90% of breast cancer cells within 7 days and a further decrease in tumor cell numbers thereafter. In the serum-free cultures, hematopoietic cytokines and cellular contact with CD34+ BPC could not protect the tumor cells from death. Therefore, ex vivo expansion of CD34+ BPC in serum-free medium provides an environment for efficient purging of contaminating mammary carcinoma cells. These results have clinical significance for future protocols in autologous progenitor cell transplantation in cancer patients.
Closed loop bioreactor system for the ex vivo expansion of human T cells