scholarly journals The Effects Of Education On Alabama’s Violent Crime Rate

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Richard Fast
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Problem Analysis ◽  
Formal Schooling ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Violent Crime Rate

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of the effect of education on violent crime, specifically in the U.S. state of Alabama. The main purpose of the research is to determine whether more education leads to a decrease in the rate of violent crime. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches for reducing the violent crime rate indicate that increasing education, particularly the number of people with at least a high school or associate’s degree, can be one influential tool in cutting crime. The relevance of this scientific problem analysis is that Alabama has one of the highest violent crime rates in the United States according to crime watch sources, and Alabama residents desire safer neighborhoods. Investigation of what effect education has on crime in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: Introduction, literature review, data and analysis, and conclusion. Methodological tools of the research methods include econometric analysis using log-linear, linear-log, and log-log models covering population, educational attainment, violent crime rate, and unemployment rate of each county over five years: 2011-2015. The object of research are all the counties of Alabama, because namely they have some of the highest crime rates in the United States. Coincidentally, Alabama also has one of the lowest educational attainment rates in the country; the average American has more years of formal schooling than the average Alabama resident, and the crime rates of all other U.S. states compared to Alabama reflect this important fact. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis of how more education impacted the violent crime rate in that state, which showed that, with one exception, more years of schooling does indeed result in less violent crime. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that, in the majority of cases, a better educated populace is less likely to commit violent crime.The results of the research can be useful for educators, law enforcement, and criminal justice practitioners.

scholarly journals COVID-Net: A deep learning based and interpretable predication model for the county-wise trajectories of COVID-19 in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Tian ◽  
Yuknag Jiang ◽  
Yuting Zhang ◽  
Zhongfei Li ◽  
Xueqin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
New York ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hospitalization Rate ◽  
Preventable Hospitalization ◽  
Violent Crime Rate

AbstractThe confirmed cases of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been reported in the United States since late January 2020. There were over 4.8 million confirmed cases and about 320,000 deaths as of May 19, 2020 in the world. We examined the characteristics of the confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19 in all affected counties of the United States. We proposed a COVID-Net combining the architecture of both Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) by using the trajectories of COVID-19 during different periods until May 19, 2020, as the training data. The validation of the COVID-Net was performed by predicting the numbers of confirmed cases and deaths in subsequent 3-day, 5-day, and 7-day periods. The COVID-Net produced relatively smaller Mean Relative Errors (MREs) for the 10 counties with the most severe epidemic as of May 19, 2020. On average, MREs were 0.01 for the number of confirmed cases in all validation periods, and 0.01, 0.01, and 0.03 for the number of deaths in the 3-day, 5-day, and 7-day periods, respectively. The COVID-Net incorporated five risk factors of COVID-19 and was used to predict the trajectories of COVID-19 in Hudson County, New Jersey and New York County, New York until June 28, 2020. The risk factors include the percentage of the population with access to exercise opportunities, average daily PM2.5, population size, preventable hospitalization rate, and violent crime rate. The expected number of cumulative confirmed cases and deaths depends on the dynamics of these five risk factors.Significance StatementA COVID-Net model was built to predict the trajectories of COVID-19, based on the percentage of the population with access to exercise opportunities, average daily PM2.5, population size, preventable hospitalization rate and violent crime rate in the metropolises areas. The increasing awareness of how these risk factors affect the pandemic helps policymakers develop plans that mitigate the spread of COVID-19.

Official Crime Rates and Residents’ Sense of Security Across Neighborhoods in Tokyo, Japan

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimihiro Hino ◽  
Masaya Uesugi ◽  
Yasushi Asami
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Violent Crime Rate ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Official Crime

The aim of this study was to investigate, in consideration of individual attributes and neighborhood-level social capital, the association between official crime rates and sense of neighborhood security among residents in the 23 wards of Tokyo, Japan, using data obtained from a national questionnaire survey and police statistics on crime for 511 neighborhoods. We found that crime rates affected residents’ sense of security differently according to the type of crime committed and the spatial scale. Regarding individual attributes, sense of security among men and those aged 35 to 49 years was in line with the actual property crime rate, whereas that among women and the elderly was in line with the actual violent crime rate. In addition, even when controlling for social capital, which had a strong positive effect on residents’ sense of security, and individual attributes, all crime rates except that for violent crime were significantly related to residents’ sense of security in their neighborhood.

scholarly journals Violent crime rates as a proxy for the social determinants of sexually transmissible infection rates: the consistent state-level correlation between violent crime and reported sexually transmissible infections in the United States, 1981–2010

Sexual Health ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrell W. Chesson ◽  
Kwame Owusu-Edusei ◽  
Jami S. Leichliter ◽  
Sevgi O. Aral
Keyword(s):  
Social Determinants Of Health ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
State Level ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Violent Crime Rate ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sexually Transmissible Infection ◽  
Transmissible Infection

Background Numerous social determinants of health are associated with violent crime rates and sexually transmissible infection (STI) rates. This report aims to illustrate the potential usefulness of violent crime rates as a proxy for the social determinants of STI rates. Methods: For each year from 1981 to 2010, we assessed the strength of the association between the violent crime rate and the gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) rate (number of total reported cases per 100 000) at the state level. Specifically, for each year, we calculated Pearson correlation coefficients (and P-values) between two variables (the violent crime rate and the natural log of the gonorrhoea rate) for all 50 states and Washington, DC. For comparison, we also examined the correlation between gonorrhoea rates, and rates of poverty and unemployment. We repeated the analysis using overall syphilis rates instead of overall gonorrhoea rates. Results: The correlation between gonorrhoea and violent crime was significant at the P < 0.001 level for every year from 1981 to 2010. Syphilis rates were also consistently correlated with violent crime rates. In contrast, the P-value for the correlation coefficient exceeded 0.05 in 9 of the 30 years for the association between gonorrhoea and poverty, and in 17 of the 30 years for that between gonorrhoea and unemployment. Conclusions: Because violent crime is associated with many social determinants of STIs and because it is consistently associated with STI rates, violent crime rates can be a useful proxy for the social determinants of health in statistical analyses of STI rates.

Crime and Incarceration: Some Comparative Findings from the 1980s

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon Ekland-Olson ◽  
William R. Kelly ◽  
Michael Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Violent Offending ◽  
Violent Crime Rate ◽  
State Rate ◽  
Offending Patterns

Incarceration, crime, and unemployment rates from Texas, California, and the United States during the 1970s and 1980s are examined to explore the link between incarceration policies and crime rates. Comparing Texas and California, despite different incarceration policies in the 1980s, there are few differences in violent crime rate trends. By contrast, in the late 1980s, property crimes increased in Texas and decreased in California. These state-rate differences across types of crime parallel findings across four successive parolee cohorts in Texas, where increases in repetitious property offending patterns were noted, and repetitious violent offending remained stable. Variations in incarceration rates and economic conditions are noted as explanatory factors.

scholarly journals Canadian crime rates in the penalty box

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Simon Demers
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
National Hockey League ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Violent Crime Rate ◽  
Major League

Over the 1962 to 2016 period, the Canadian violent crime rate has remained strongly correlated with National Hockey League (NHL) penalties. The Canadian property crime rate was similarly correlated with stolen base attempts in the Major League Baseball (MLB). Of course, correlation does not imply causation or prove association. It is simply presented here as an observation. Curious readers might be tempted to conduct additional research and ask questions in order to enhance the conversation, transition away from a state of confusion, clarify the situation, prevent false attribution, and possibly solve a problem that economists call identification.

scholarly journals Crime, the Criminal Justice System, and Socioeconomic Inequality

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Lofstrom ◽  
Steven Raphael
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Minority Communities ◽  
The Us

Crime rates in the United States have declined to historical lows since the early 1990s. Prison and jail incarceration rates as well as community correctional populations have increased greatly since the mid-1970s. Both of these developments have disproportionately impacted poor and minority communities. In this paper, we document these trends. We then assess whether the crime declines can be attributed to the massive expansion of the US criminal justice system. We argue that the crime rate is certainly lower as a result of this expansion and in the early 1990s was likely a third lower than what it would have been absent changes in sentencing practices in the 1980s. However, there is little evidence that further stiffening of sentences during the 1990s—a period when prison and other correctional populations expanded rapidly—have had an impact. Hence, the growth in criminal justice populations since 1990s has exacerbated socioeconomic inequality in the United States without generating much benefit in terms of lower crime rates.

On the association between undocumented immigration and crime in the United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Gunadi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Undocumented Immigrants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Undocumented Immigration ◽  
Us States ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Immigration And Crime

Abstract Approximately 11 million undocumented individuals live in the United States. At the same time, there are concerns that the presence of undocumented immigrants may contribute to an increase in crime rates. In this article, I examine the institutionalization rate of undocumented immigrants and quantify the change in crime rates attributable to undocumented immigration. The analysis yields a few main results. First, despite possessing characteristics usually associated with crime, undocumented immigrants are 33% less likely to be institutionalized compared to US natives. Second, there is no evidence that undocumented immigrants who have spent more time in the USA are more likely to be institutionalized compared to those who have been in the USA for a shorter time. There is evidence, however, that arriving at a younger age is associated with higher institutionalization rate. Finally, overall property and violent crime rates across US states are not statistically significantly increased by undocumented immigration.

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