scholarly journals 302 POLLINATION AND FRUITSET PATTERNS OF FIELD-GROWN PUMPKINS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 473e-473
Author(s):  
S. W. Cady ◽  
H. C Wien
Keyword(s):  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Investigations of varietal differences in pumpkin flowering and fruitset patterns were initiated in response to reports of poor fruitset by NYS growers. In addition, pollination requirements for marketable fruit were explored in one cultivar. Flowering date, fruitset, and fruit characteristics were recorded for 2 consecutive years in a RCBD of six popular Cucurbita pepo cultivars (Wizard, Happy Jack, Autumn Gold, Ghost Rider, Howden and Baby Bear). On average, female blossoms opened 38 days after 3-wk-old seedlings were transplanted into the field. Flowering period lasted for 3 to 4 weeks. No consistent pattern was found in female flower production nor fruitset until the last week when significant declines occurred. Each blossom only opens for one day and typically closes between 10 am and noon, limiting pollination opportunities. H and-pollination of Wizard' with various dilutions of pollen revealed that a minimum of approximately 2000 grains of pollen is necessary for fruitset. Removal of 66-75% of the stigmatic surfaces did not affect seed number or their location in the fruit, nor fruit shape or size. Fruit size was not correlated with seed number, although no fruit developed with less than 100 seed.

scholarly journals Fruit Variability and Relationships between Color at Harvest and Quality during Storage of Uapaca kirkiana (Muell. Arg.) Fruit from Natural Woodlands

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Kadzere ◽  
Chris B. Watkins ◽  
Ian A. Merwin ◽  
Festus K. Akinnifesi ◽  
John D. K. Saka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Uapaca Kirkiana ◽  
Ripe Stage ◽  
Wild Loquat

The full commercial potential of wild loquat [Uapaca kirkiana (Muell. Arg.)], a fruit that is widely used for food and income in parts of Africa, is restricted by its short shelf life and variability in postharvest quality. We have evaluated within and among tree variability in fruit size and color at harvest, and changes of color, soluble solids concentrations (SSC) and pulp deterioration during storage, of fruit harvested during the maturation period. The relationships between fruit shape, size, seed number and SSC of fruit harvested at the ripe stage of maturity was also assessed. Size and color of fruit within and among trees at harvest varied greatly within the same location on the same harvest date. The a* values (redness) were more variable than for other color attributes, reflecting a range of fruit colors from greenish to brown. During a 6 day storage period, fruit color lightness and yellowness decreased, while redness increased, and variation in color attributes decreased. Although fruit color intensified during storage, the SSC of fruit after ripening was linked more with fruit color at harvest, with mean concentrations ranging from 6.7% to 13.8% among trees. When fruit were harvested four weeks later and categorized by color at harvest, SSC varied from 11.8% in greenish-yellow fruit to 14.5% in browner fruit. Pulp deterioration of stored fruit harvested unripe was observed by 6 days. The SSC of fruit harvested when ripe was not significantly correlated with shape, size or seed number. These observations have important implications for germplasm selection and collection of U. kirkiana for domestication purposes. Timing of harvest and/or postharvest sorting of fruit is likely to reduce variability in SSC during the postharvest period.

MUTATIONS INDUCED IN McINTOSH APPLE BY IONIZING RADIATION

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. LAPINS
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Stainable Pollen ◽  
Biennial Bearing

Irradiating McIntosh scions with gamma rays from a 60Co source induced many mutants with reduced vigor or spurred growth habit, but nearly all of the mutants had unacceptable fruit characteristics. A wide array of fruit mutations occurred, most of which were inferior to the original cultivar. About half of the irradiated material had reduced fertility. Most of the semifertile mutants had 31–32% stainable pollen, whereas the untreated controls had 49–50% stainable pollen. In the second-test planting, significant differences were found among the final 10 selections in vigor of tree, biennial bearing index, number of seeds per fruit, fruit size, shape, and skin and flesh color. One selection had better fruit shape and skin color than the original cultivar.

scholarly journals Origin and evolution of cultivated cucurbits

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilson Antônio Bisognin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Plant Families

Cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae) are among the most important plant families supplying humans with edible products and useful fibers. Plants of this family are very similar in above ground development, but they have high genetic diversity for fruit shape and other fruit characteristics, resulting in a variety of uses. The objective of this review was to discuss the origin and evolution of the most important cultivated cucurbits. Understanding the evolutionary history and domestication process increase the possibility for better exploiting the genetic diversity for cultivar development. The domestication selection in cucurbits was for shape, less bitter flesh, larger and fewer seeds, and larger fruit size, resulting in high genetic diversity within and among cultivated species. This variation can be associated with the wide range of uses that require different shape, size and a constant ratio between fruit length and fruit diameter. The discussion of the breeding history indicates how artificial selection could speed up changes in fruit characteristics to attend specific uses and increase adaptation to a variety of environmental conditions in which cucurbits are growing worldwide. Although interspecific hybridization has been employed in cucurbit breeding more than in any other family, there is still a high potential for increasing its application for germplasm and cultivar development.

scholarly journals Global epigenetic and metabolic changes accompany the alterations in fruit size and shape of Cucurbita pepo L. intra-species grafting

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliki Xanthopoulou ◽  
Aphrodite Tsaballa ◽  
Ioannis Ganopoulos ◽  
Aliki Kapazoglou ◽  
Evangellia Avramidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape ◽  
The Impact

To further understand the impact of grafting on fruit characteristics and to comprehend the mechanisms involved in graft-induced changes we studied homo- and hetero- grafted Cucurbita pepo cultivars (cv.) that vary in fruit size and shape. C. pepo cv. ‘Munchkin’ (small fruit) and cv. ‘Big Moose’ (large fruit) as well as cv. ‘Round green’ (round fruit) and cv. ‘Princess’ (elongated fruit) were homografted and reciprocally heterografted. The results show significant changes in fruit size when ‘Big Moose’ was grafted onto ‘Munchkin’ rootstocks in comparison to homo-grafted controls. Moderate changes in fruit shape were observed when grafting of cv. ‘Round green’ and cv. ‘Princess’ were performed. This is the first report of such phenotypic changes after intra-species/inter-cultivar grafting in Cucurbitaceae. Additionally, we found significant changes in i) secondary metabolite profile, ii) global DNA methylation pattern and iii) miRNA expression patterns in grafted scions and iv) DNA methylation on graft-induced phenotypic changes in grafted plants. Our results contribute to further understanding graft-induced effects on fruit morphology in intra-species grafting. Furthermore, our results pave the way for understanding the role of phenolic metabolites and epigenetic molecular mechanisms on the phenotypic changes recorded.

scholarly journals Plant Spacing and Variety Affect Pumpkin Yield and Fruit Size, but Supplemental Nitrogen Does Not

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1037-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Reiners ◽  
Dale I.M. Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Field studies were conducted at two locations in 1995 to determine the effect of spacing, nitrogen application, and variety on pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) marketable yield. Pumpkin yield was unaffected by three rates of applied N (67, 112, or 157 kg N·ha-1). Marketable fruit number per hectare increased with both 'Howden' and 'Wizard' pumpkins as in-row plant spacing decreased from 1.2 to 0.3 m. Average fruit size significantly decreased at the closer spacing, but the decline in mass was much greater in nonirrigated as compared to irrigated plots. This resulted in a significantly greater yield in the irrigated plots at the closer spacing, while there was no significant increase in yield without irrigation. The results demonstrate that growers may increase the number of fruit per unit area with closer spacing but optimal soil moisture may be a prerequisite for the increase.

Dynamics of flower and pod production in annual medics (Medicago spp.). I. spaced plants

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 911 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Ovule Abortion ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Annual Medics ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Two experiments were conducted in Syria to examine flower production in annual medics. Flowers and pods of seven species were monitored throughout the flowering period in Experiment 1 and the relationships among 13 flowering attributes were investigated for 16 species in Experiment 2. Between 34% (M. rigidula) and 8 1% (M. minima) of flowers survived to maturity in Experiment 1 and between 27% (M. blancheana) and 93% (M. radiata) survived in Experiment 2. Flower and pod production and flower survival in most species increased until about node 7 and decreased thereafter. Seed size was greatest in pods produced before nodes 2-7; the seed in late-produced pods was only 50% as heavy as early-produced seeds. Seed number per pod was almost constant, indicating that ovule abortion was rare. Cluster and regression analysis suggested that greater flower retention was associated with low number of seeds per plants, small seeds, and small pods, and the data support the hypothesis that flower survival is determined by the potential mass of pods (pod mass by flower number) at each raceme. The ecological and agronomic significance of flower shedding and seed size is discussed, and it is suggested that more attention should be paid to the characteristics of successful ecotypes in a given area, when selecting cultivars for that area.

scholarly journals Global epigenetic and metabolic changes accompany the alterations in fruit size and shape of Cucurbita pepo L. intra-species grafting

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliki Xanthopoulou ◽  
Aphrodite Tsaballa ◽  
Ioannis Ganopoulos ◽  
Aliki Kapazoglou ◽  
Evangellia Avramidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape ◽  
The Impact

To further understand the impact of grafting on fruit characteristics and to comprehend the mechanisms involved in graft-induced changes we studied homo- and hetero- grafted Cucurbita pepo cultivars (cv.) that vary in fruit size and shape. C. pepo cv. ‘Munchkin’ (small fruit) and cv. ‘Big Moose’ (large fruit) as well as cv. ‘Round green’ (round fruit) and cv. ‘Princess’ (elongated fruit) were homografted and reciprocally heterografted. The results show significant changes in fruit size when ‘Big Moose’ was grafted onto ‘Munchkin’ rootstocks in comparison to homo-grafted controls. Moderate changes in fruit shape were observed when grafting of cv. ‘Round green’ and cv. ‘Princess’ were performed. This is the first report of such phenotypic changes after intra-species/inter-cultivar grafting in Cucurbitaceae. Additionally, we found significant changes in i) secondary metabolite profile, ii) global DNA methylation pattern and iii) miRNA expression patterns in grafted scions and iv) DNA methylation on graft-induced phenotypic changes in grafted plants. Our results contribute to further understanding graft-induced effects on fruit morphology in intra-species grafting. Furthermore, our results pave the way for understanding the role of phenolic metabolites and epigenetic molecular mechanisms on the phenotypic changes recorded.

Interaction Between CPPU and NAA on Fruit Thinning and Fruit Development in Selected Apple Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 513c-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Bukovac ◽  
Jerome Hull ◽  
John C. Neilsen ◽  
Michael Schroeder ◽  
Georg Noga
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Carpel Development ◽  
Return Bloom

NAA is used extensively for fruit thinning of apples to increase fruit size and to promote return bloom. In some cultivars, even if thinning is achieved, fruit size at harvest may be less than expected based on crop load. CPPU, N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N.-phenylurea, has been shown to increase fruit growth in apples, grapes, and kiwi. We evaluated combinations of NAA and CPPU on thinning, fruit growth and return bloom in Redchief `Delicious', `Elstar', and `Gloster'. CPPU was applied at 5 mgμL–1 (based on 0 to 10 mgμL–1 response curve) in combination with 15 mgμL–1 NAA as high-volume sprays at 7 to 10 mm KFD. Yield and fruit size distribution (on total yield) were used as index of response. In `Delicious', CPPU (3-year study) increased % large (70 mm+) fruit, but in the presence of NAA % large fruit was reduced 2 of the 3 years. CPPU did not induce significant thinning. There were no significant effects on color or soluble solids; firmness was increased slightly and seed number reduced. The L/D ratio was increased and uneven lobe and carpel development was common. CPPU had no significant effect on return bloom in presence or absence of NAA, but NAA increased bloom in both the presence and absence of CPPU. With `Elstar' (2-year study) there was no significant thinning with either chemical, but CPPU increased mean fruit size and % large (70–80 mm) fruit over nonthinned, but not significantly greater than NAA alone. There were no significant differences in firmness, color, soluble solids or seed number. NAA + CPPU did not inhibit fruit growth or cause excessive uneven carpel development. Frost damage reduced crop load in `Gloster' where results were similar to `Elstar' except seed number was reduced by the NAA + CPPU combination.

Investigations on the Cotton Bollworm, Heliothis armigera, Hübn

1940 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Heliothis Armigera ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Cotton Bollworm ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
The Given

Studies of the food-plant associations of Heliothis armigera have elicited the information that, for all practical purposes, egg-laying may be considered as confined to the period of florescence. Evidence of coincidence of the oviposition and flowering curves is submitted for 21 species of short-flowering crops and 8 species of long-flowering crops. All told, records taken in nearly 1,000 crops have been consulted for the conclusions drawn.As regards short-flowering species, the peaks, as well as the confines, of the oviposition and flowering curves are related closely. But oviposition on long-flowering species may decline while flowering is still in progress, or two or more waves of oviposition may be evident according to the number of moth flights spanned by the flowering period. The courses of oviposition on long-flowering species of crop in the given instances are interpreted through knowledge of the train of moth flights: although egg-laying in quantity occurs within the flowering period, peak layings frequently are not aligned with maximum flower production because the calendar times of moth flights are displaced in relation thereto.

scholarly journals The fruit metric trait characterization of scarlet eggplant using the high-throughput tomato analyzer software

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Olawale Adeniji ◽  
Modinat Adekoya ◽  
Peter Jonah ◽  
Innocent Iseghohi ◽  
Charity Aremu
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Yield Improvement ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape ◽  
Metric Traits ◽  
Shape And Size ◽  
Tomato Analyzer

Scarlet eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum [L.]) is an indigenous, underutilized fruit vegetable in Africa. Preference for fruit shape and size is high among growers and consumers. Fruit metric traits are important for yield improvement. Fruit metric descriptors are important contributors to variation, phenotypic and genotypic variation, and heritability. However, the measurement of these traits is cumbersome and subjective. Forty-three accessions were evaluated in 2016 and 2017. At maturity, 5 fruits were randomly harvested from each accession, digitalized and processed using the Tomato Analyzer software. Sixteen fruit metric traits were automatically generated and submitted for analysis of variance and multivariate analysis. The accessions differed over fruit size and shape due to genetic make-up. Fruit metric trait variation among S. aethiopicum groups was less influenced by the environment. The cv. Gilo group has oblong fruits, the cv. Shum group fruits are circular and ovoid; the cv. Kumba group fruits are less circular, lobed and flattened. AE/113 (C3), FUO 1 (C1) and FUO 5 (C2) Gilo groups are promising for fruit size. There were phenotypic plasticity and overlapping for fruit metric traits between the Gilo and Shum groups due to a common genome. The Tomato Analyzer software was able to discriminate accessions based on fruit phenomic traits, and the information could be used to establish commonalities between groups.

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