Response of Nine-Year-Old Plantation Sweetgum to Nitrogen Fertilization in Mississippi

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-150
Author(s):  
L. E. Nelson ◽  
G. L. Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
N Rates

Abstract Nine-year-old planted sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) consisting of four half-sib seed sources were refertilized with nitrogen in 1981 at the beginning of the tenth field-growing season. Increases in periodic annual height, diameter at breast height, basal area, stem volume (ob),and woody biomass increments of all four half-sib seed sources from applied nitrogen were observed during the 9 years following application. Periodic annual stem volume (ob) increments averaged over all half-sib seed sources were 120, 152, 192, and 266 ft³/ac/yr for the 0, 89, 178, and356 lb/ac N rates, respectively. The half-sib seed sources from alluvial sites were superior to those from upland sites in terms of productivity and response to N. The response of all half-sibs to N was immediate, occurring during the year of application; however, the increased growth ratesdue to N persisted for only 3 years. This suggests that on responsive sites, applications of N may be necessary every fourth year to maintain maximum growth rates. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):146-150.

Bulldozing stumps and nitrogen fertilization affect growth of Douglas-fir seedlings

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Thies ◽  
E. E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Olympic Peninsula ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Eight treatments involving stump removal by bulldozing in combination with nitrogen fertilization were applied to 0.04-ha circular plots in a clear-cut on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Treatments included stump removal (either all stumps removed or the plot left undisturbed) and broadcast fertilization with ammonium nitrate (0, 336, 672, or 1345 kg N ha−1). Diameter at breast height and height of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings, planted several months after treatment, were recorded five and eight seasons after outplanting. The results showed that either bulldozing stumps from the site or fertilizing with ammonium nitrate increased growth of seedlings through their eighth growing season. After eight growing seasons, bulldozing had increased seedling height by 23% and diameter at breast height by 43%; fertilizing produced increases of 13% in height and 17% in diameter at breast height.

SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN RADIAL GROWTH AT BREAST HEIGHT OF SOME WESTERN HEMLOCK AND DOUGLAS FIR TREES, 1953-57

1960 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Braham G. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Total Growth

Radial increment was recorded at weekly intervals for 68 Douglas fir and 14 western hemlock trees throughout the growing season for the years 1953-57 inclusive. The average diameter, inside bark at breast height, was 13.9 inches for the Douglas firs and 11.9 inches for the western hemlock. Growth for both species generally commenced during the first week of May. The average length of the growing season for Douglas fir was 146 days and for western hemlock 156 days. Douglas fir completed a greater percentage of its total growth earlier in the season than did western hemlock, accounting for an average of 83 per cent of its basal area growth by July 31 compared to 68 per cent for western hemlock. Growth in both 1956 and 1957 was considerably below that of each of the preceding three years. This was attributed partly to the severe frost damage to the trees in November 1955.

scholarly journals Wedge prism as a tool for diameter and distance measurement

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 121-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Šálek ◽  
D. Zahradník
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Distance Measurement ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Wedge Prism ◽  
Non Destructive

The wedge prism, which is generally used for the measurement of basal area in diameter at breast height, is also a tool for the measurement of distance as well as for the measurement of diameters at a certain height of the stem, in the upper stem. Measurements using the wedge prism are based on the same principle as measurements using Bitterlich mirror relascope. This method is appropriate for non-destructive determination of stem volume. Moreover, the wedge prism can be used for the sorting of logs in standing trees when the small end of expectant assortment has to be known. As the wedge prism is a common tool for foresters, its usage seems to be larger than only the measurement of basal area.

Thinning and nitrogen fertilization effects on sapwood development and relationships of foliage quantity to sapwood area and basal area in Douglas-fir

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Brix ◽  
A. K. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Regression Slopes ◽  
Fertilization Effects

A 24-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand was treated with various levels and combinations of nitrogen fertilization and thinning. Over a period of 5–9 years after treatments, trees were sampled to determine effects on foliage quantity and sapwood characteristics at different stem heights together with their relationships. Sapwood width remained relatively constant up the stem where heartwood was present, but the number of annual rings it contained decreased with height. The sapwood width at breast height (bh) increased with stem diameter; treatments had little effect on percent sapwood at bh. The ratio of foliage mass to sapwood cross-sectional area changed for different portions of the crown and was lower when based on sapwood area at bh than at base of live crown. Significant linear relationships of foliage mass and area to sapwood area at bh were found, but relationships of foliage to basal area (bh) were just as close for all treatments; treatments significantly affected these relationships with control trees having the lowest regression slopes.

Is ring width a reliable proxy for stem-biomass increment? A case study in European beech

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 2920-2933 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Bouriaud ◽  
N Bréda ◽  
J -L Dupouey ◽  
A Granier
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Stem Biomass ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Northeastern France

The relationship between basal-area increment and stem-volume increment or biomass annual production was investigated in 30 dominant European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in northeastern France. The trees were sampled at four heights along the stem for dendrochronological and densitometric measurements. Annual stem-volume and stem-biomass increments were computed from the measurements and were not obtained by applying allometric relationships. A comparison of the ring-area increments at the four stem heights indicated that the vertical distribution of annual growth fluctuates at an interannual time step and is influenced by climate during the growing season, particularly drought events. Ring-area increments were more strongly reduced at breast height than in the upper parts of the tree during dry years. Relationships between basal-area increment and volume or annual biomass production were very strong, but the residuals of these relationhips contained up to 50% climate information. The amplitude of the breast-height radial-growth response to drought is much larger than the volume and biomass-production responses. Variations of wood density in this diffuse-porous species are not large enough to consistently modify the estimates of annual stem biomass production. Breast-height series are a valuable tool for dendrochronological investigations, but as they are more sensitive to drought, they greatly underestimate tree biomass increments during drought episodes.

scholarly journals Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Wood Yield Selection Index in a Clonal Trial of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) in Northeastern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4167
Author(s):  
David Kombi Kaviriri ◽  
Huan-Zhen Liu ◽  
Xi-Yang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Selection Index ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Korean Pine ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Stem Straightness ◽  
Clonal Trial

In order to determine suitable traits for selecting high-wood-yield Korean pine materials, eleven morphological characteristics (tree height, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, diameter at 3 meter height, stem straightness degree, crown breadth, crown height, branch angle, branch number per node, bark thickness, and stem volume) were investigated in a 38-year-old Korean pine clonal trial at Naozhi orchard. A statistical approach combining variance and regression analysis was used to extract appropriate traits for selecting elite clones. Results of variance analysis showed significant difference in variance sources in most of the traits, except for the stem straightness degree, which had a p-value of 0.94. Moderate to high coefficients of variation and clonal repeatability ranged from 10.73% to 35.45% and from 0.06% to 0.78%, respectively. Strong significant correlations on the phenotypic and genotypic levels were observed between the straightness traits and tree volume, but crown breadth was weakly correlated to the volume. Four principal components retaining up to 80% of the total variation were extracted, and stem volume, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, diameter at 3 meter height, tree height, and crown height displayed high correlation to these components (r ranged from 0.76 to 0.98). Based on the Type III sum of squares, tree height, diameter at breast height, and branch number showed significant information to explain the clonal variability based on stem volume. Using the extracted characteristics as the selection index, six clones (PK105, PK59, PK104, PK36, PK28, and K101) displayed the highest Qi values, with a selection rate of 5% corresponding to the genetic gain of 42.96% in stem volume. This study provides beneficial information for the selection of multiple traits for genetically improved genotypes of Korean pine.

The effects of grazing on the phosphorus requirement of an annual pasture

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Ozanne ◽  
KMW Howes
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement ◽  
Root Size

The applied phosphorus requirement of a pasture sown to subterranean clover was measured with and without grazing. Under moderate grazing pressure, in the year of establishment, the pasture required about 50 % more phosphorus than when ungrazed. In the following season, at a higher stocking rate, the grazed areas needed twice as much phosphorus as the ungrazed to make 90% of their maximum growth. In both years this difference in requirement between stocked and unstocked treatments was present throughout the growing season. Increased phosphorus requirement under grazing is associated with the need for greater uptake of phosphorus under conditions where redistribution of absorbed phosphorus within the plant is prevented by defoliation. It does not appear to be due to effects of defoliation on root size. Nor does it depend on differential light interception or on changes in botanical composition.

scholarly journals A red pine provenance test in northwestern Ontario: 48-year results

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali A Rahi ◽  
Colin Bowling ◽  
Dale Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Provenance Trial ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Provenance Test

Survival, total height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured in the fall of 2005 in a 48-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) provenance trial growing in northwestern Ontario. There was significant variation in both height and diameter among the 23 provenances. Generally, westerly provenances performed well while those from the Maritime Provinces exhibited relatively poor growth. Considering that the plantation is at the northern biological range of red pine, survival was high, averaging 96% after 48 years. Provenances with the best growth rates exceeded a volume of 420 m3 ha-1. Some provenances from Minnesota and Wisconsin as well as Fort Frances, Ontario exhibited superior growth and should be considered as seed sources for future planting programs in northwestern Ontario. Key words: red pine, provenance test, survival, diameter, height, volume, Northwestern Ontario

Reassessment of Maximum Growth Rates for C3 and C4 Crops

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Similar Difference ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiencies

SUMMARYFigures for maximum crop growth rates, reviewed by Gifford (1974), suggest that the productivity of C3 and C4 species is almost indistinguishable. However, close inspection of these figures at source and correspondence with several authors revealed a number of errors. When all unreliable figures were discarded, the maximum growth rate for C3 stands fell in the range 34–39 g m−2 d−1 compared with 50–54 g m−2 d−1 for C4 stands. Maximum growth rates averaged over the whole growing season showed a similar difference: 13 g m−2 d−1 for C3 and 22 g m−2 d−1 for C4. These figures correspond to photosynthetic efficiencies of approximately 1·4 and 2·0%.

scholarly journals PLANT DENSITY AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON COMMON BEAN NUTRITION AND YIELD

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 670-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROGÉRIO PERES SORATTO ◽  
TIAGO ARANDA CATUCHI ◽  
EMERSON DE FREITAS CORDOVA DE SOUZA ◽  
JADER LUIS NANTES GARCIA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Lower Plant

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of plant densities and sidedressed nitrogen (N) rates on nutrition and productive performance of the common bean cultivars IPR 139 and Pérola. For each cultivar, a randomized complete block experimental design was used in a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates. Plots consisted of three plant densities (5, 7, and 9 plants ha-1) and subplots of five N rates (0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1). Aboveground dry matter, leaf macro- and micronutrient concentrations, yield components, grain yield, and protein concentration in grains were evaluated. Lower plant densities (5 and 7 plants m-1) increased aboveground dry matter production and the number of pods per plant and did not reduce grain yield. In the absence of N fertilization, reduction of plant density decreased N concentration in common bean leaves. Nitrogen fertilization linearly increased dry matter and leaf N concentration, mainly at lower plant densities. Regardless of plant density, the N supply linearly increased grain yield of cultivars IPR 139 and Pérola by 17.3 and 52.2%, respectively.

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