scholarly journals Effective Cutting Methods and Media for Hardwood Cuttings in `Sunaga Wase' Peaches

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 497D-497
Author(s):  
Kyong Ho Lim ◽  
Wol Soo Kim ◽  
Hyung Kee Lim ◽  
Byeong Sam Kim
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Bottom Part ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Bottom Heating ◽  
The Media ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Very High

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effective cutting methods and media for hardwood cuttings in `Sunaga Wase' peach (Prunus persica L.). Using 1-year-old peach stems out of winter pruning, the cutting stems were procurred through several steps on 16 Feb. 1995 and 1996. i) Cut 30 cm in length by pruning scissors and bundled to 10 stems; ii) 1-cm bottom part of cutting stem dipped into IBA (1000 ppm solution) for 5 s and then powdering with Captan WP; iii) upper part of cutting stem coated with Topsin paste; iv) standing the bundled cutting stems in the cutting bench filled with cutting media; v) the temperature maintained at 20 ± 1°C under the level of cutting media by bottom heating and at 5 to 10°C above the media level. Among the cutting media, vermiculite showed the highest rooting percentage, as much as 93.2%, followed by Jiffy pot and rockwool cube. High transplanting survival percentage under field conditions was obtained by the treatment of vermiculite of media + cutting duration for 35 days. Although the treatment of cutting duration for 55 days showed very high percentage of rooting, such as 96.4% in vermiculite, 78.3% in Jiffy pots, and 83.3% of rockwool cube, their percentage of nursery survival after transplanting were reduced remarkably less than 10% in nursery fields covered with black polyethylene film. The nursery trees obtained from each treatment were characteristically 136 to 146 cm in tree height and 22.9 to 26.8 cm in trunk diameter.

scholarly journals The effect of different bioregulators on lateral shoot formation in maiden apple trees

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Gąstoł ◽  
Iwona Domagała-Świątkiewicz ◽  
Michał Bijak
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Exogenous Growth ◽  
Growth Properties ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
One Year ◽  
Tree Injuries

Abstract One-year-old Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Boskoop’ and ‘Mutsu’ nursery trees on M.9 rootstock were treated with foliar sprays of different BA + GA3 mixtures (450 + 450 mg dm-3 or 780 + 120 mg dm-3) or BA + GA4+7 combinations (450 + 450 or 330 + 570 mg dm-3). Both cultivars showed strong apical dominance; however, increased branching potential was observed following the use of exogenous growth regulators. All of the investigated branching agents revealed a high effectiveness, yet only after one treatment. Environmental factors played a major role in the induction of sylleptic shoot formation, especially in the case of ‘Boskoop’. In the case of ‘Boskoop’, the branching effect was correlated with several vegetative growth properties (tree height, trunk diameter), while for ‘Mutsu’, a different branching pattern was found with no correlations ascertained. No tree injuries were observed following the use of a chemical branching agent.

scholarly journals Super-density Planting and Lower Canopy using Hardwood Cuttings of `Sunaga Wase' Peaches

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 477E-477
Author(s):  
Wol Soo Kim ◽  
Kyong Ho Lim ◽  
Hyung Kee Lim ◽  
Byeong Sam Kim
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Fruit Harvest ◽  
Floral Bud

In order to investigate the super-density planting in peach orchards, the experiment was carried out using nursery trees out of hardwood cuttings in `Sunaga Wase' peach (Prunus persica L.). The nursery trees were planted with various planting densities of 1 × 0.5 m (20,000 trees/ha), 1 × 1 m (10,000 trees/ha), 2 × 0.5 m (10,000 trees/ha), 2 × 1 m (5,000 trees/ha), and 6 × 5 m (330 trees/ha) as traditional density on 22 Mar. 1995. As soon as fruit harvest in mid-July, the peach trees were pruned by thinning and heading-back the shoots to induce the new shoot as well as to limit the tree height and lower the canopy. During the second year after planting, nursery cutting trees yielded the most peach fruits from the planting density of 1 × 0.5 m, as much as 14.37 t, which was 14 times higher than the 6 × 5 m of traditional density, followed by 2 × 0.5 m, 1 × 1 m, 2 × 1 m, and 6 × 5 m, respectively. According to summer pruning just after harvest, remaining vegetative buds burst and then the new shoot grew very vigorously in several days. The floral bud differentiation on the new shoots was lower, as much as 32.2%, than that of 77.9% in no-pruning shoots. There were no differences in fruit characteristics among various planting densities.

scholarly journals A protocol for sampling vascular epiphyte richness and abundance

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan H. D. Wolf ◽  
S. Robbert Gradstein ◽  
Nalini M. Nadkarni
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Epiphyte Communities ◽  
Vascular Epiphyte

Abstract:The sampling of epiphytes is fraught with methodological difficulties. We present a protocol to sample and analyse vascular epiphyte richness and abundance in forests of different structure (SVERA). Epiphyte abundance is estimated as biomass by recording the number of plant components in a range of size cohorts. Epiphyte species biomass is estimated on 35 sample-trees, evenly distributed over six trunk diameter-size cohorts (10 trees with dbh > 30 cm). Tree height, dbh and number of forks (diameter > 5 cm) yield a dimensionless estimate of the size of the tree. Epiphyte dry weight and species richness between forests is compared with ANCOVA that controls for tree size. SChao1 is used as an estimate of the total number of species at the sites. The relative dependence of the distribution of the epiphyte communities on environmental and spatial variables may be assessed using multivariate analysis and Mantel test. In a case study, we compared epiphyte vegetation of six Mexican oak forests and one Colombian oak forest at similar elevation. We found a strongly significant positive correlation between tree size and epiphyte richness or biomass at all sites. In forests with a higher diversity of host trees, more trees must be sampled. Epiphyte biomass at the Colombian site was lower than in any of the Mexican sites; without correction for tree size no significant differences in terms of epiphyte biomass could be detected. The occurrence of spatial dependence, at both the landscape level and at the tree level, shows that the inclusion of spatial descriptors in SVERA is justified.

Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Interference in Newly Planted Peach (Prunus persica) Trees

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Weller ◽  
Walter A. Skroch ◽  
Thomas J. Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
First Year ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Tree Leaf ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Field experiments conducted over a 2-yr period demonstrated that common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. # CYNDA] inhibited growth of newly planted peach (Prunus persica L. ‘Norman’) trees. Common bermudagrass densities of 100, 75, 50, and 25% ground cover reduced tree fresh weight by 86, 64, 43, and 19%, respectively, the first year (1978) and 87, 62, 44, and 28%, respectively, the second year (1979) after planting. Tree trunk diameter relative growth rate (RGR) was reduced by 75 and 100% common bermudagrass ground cover densities at all measurement dates only in 1978. Tree leaf N and K were reduced in both years by common bermudagrass; however, only at the 100% common bermudagrass density in 1978 was N at a deficient level. Leaf chlorophyll was reduced in trees grown in all densities of common bermudagrass only in 1978. Reduced tree growth cannot be explained entirely by competition for essential nutrients; thus an allelopathic effect of the bermudagrass on young peach roots is suspected.

scholarly journals Container and Landscape Planting Depth and Root Ball Shaving Affects Magnolia grandiflora Root Architecture and Landscape Performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Weather Event ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Tree Height Growth

Plants were grown in a 2 × 2 factorial combination of planting depth in nursery containers and at a landscape installation to study effects on root architecture, growth, and mechanical stability of Magnolia grandiflora L. Planting depth into containers or landscape soil had no impact on bending stress to tilt trunks 40 months after landscape planting, and impacted neither trunk diameter nor tree height growth 68 months later. Trees planted 128 mm deep into 170 L containers had more circling roots at landscape planting and 68 months later than trees planted shallow in containers. Root pruning at landscape planting reduced the container imprint rating on the root system to one-third of that absent root pruning with only a 4 mm reduction in trunk diameter growth over 68 months. Improvement in root architecture from root pruning likely outweighs the rarely encountered downside of slightly less anchorage in an extreme weather event simulated by winching trunks. Trees planted 5 cm above grade were slightly—but significantly—less stable in landscape than trees planted deeper (10 cm below grade). Root pruning at planting to remove roots on root ball periphery appeared to improve root architecture while only slightly impacting growth and anchorage.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Flowering Dogwood. I. Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization Rate on the Occurrence of Spot Anthracnose, Powdery Mildew, and Cercospora Leaf Spot and Their Effect on Tree Growth

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
A.K. Hagan ◽  
J.R. Akridge ◽  
K.L. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Spot Intensity ◽  
Cercospora Leaf Spot ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
N Rates

Abstract Impact of nitrogen (N) rate on spot anthracnose, powdery mildew, and Cercospora leaf spot as well as their impact on the growth of field-grown ‘Cloud 9’ and ‘Cherokee Chief’ flowering dogwood was assessed in 2003, 2004, and 2005. From 2001 to 2005, ammonium nitrate was applied at 4.1, 8.3, 16.5, 33.0 and 66.0 g N·m−2 (37.5, 75, 150, 300, 600 lb N·A−1). Heritage 50W fungicide was applied to one ‘Cherokee Chief’ and ‘Cloud 9’ flowering dogwood in each plot, while the second was untreated. Powdery mildew and Cercospora leaf spot were impacted by N rate more than spot anthracnose. In two of three years, powdery mildew intensified, particularly on the non-treated trees, as N rates increased. Cercospora leaf spot intensity (AUDPCI) and defoliation (AUDPCD) on the fungicide-treated and non-treated trees was influenced by N-rate in two of three and one of three years, respectively. Regardless of fungicide treatment, Cercospora leaf spot incited leaf spotting and defoliation was often lower at the two highest than the two lowest N rates. A reduction in the bract and leaf spot phases of spot anthracnose at the highest N rate was noted in 2004. While spot anthracnose was negatively correlated with trunk diameter in all three years and tree height in 2003 and 2004, Cercospora leaf spot intensity and defoliation were negatively correlated with tree height and trunk diameter in all three and two of three years, respectively. Powdery mildew had no impact on tree height or trunk diameter. Heritage 50W not only controlled spot anthracnose and powdery mildew but also slowed Cercospora leaf spot development sufficiently to enhance leaf retention and fall color.

scholarly journals Is hidrorium able to improve the students’ critical thinking skills?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Dedy Dwi Setyawan ◽  
Ali Mustadi
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Test Items ◽  
High Category ◽  
Test Instrument ◽  
The Media ◽  
Very High ◽  
Passing Grade

The condition of the students’ critical thinking skills in the Kowangbinangun State Elementary School has impacted their learning results. Departing from this situation, a study for improving the students’ critical thinking skills and learning results by using hidrorium as the media should be conducted. Within the conduct of the study, the approach that had been adopted was the classroom action research. Then, the instruments that had been implemented were the test instrument, namely the test items for measuring the achievement of the students’ learning results, and the non-test instrument, namely the assignment assessment rubric for measuring the students’ critical thinking skills level. Furthermore, the data analysis method that had been adopted was the descriptive-comparativee method. Within the first cycle, 4% of the students belonged to the “Very High” category, 14% of the students belonged to the “High” category, and 82% of the students belonged to the “Low” category; as a result, 33% of the students met the passing grade while 67% of the students did not meet the passing grade. The research in the first cycle improved the students’ critical thinking skills and thus 14% of the students belonged to the “Very High” category, 57% of the students belonged to the “High” category, and 29% of the students belonged to the “Low” category. Following up the improvement, the learning results of the students showed that 64% of the students met the passing grade whereas 36% of the students did not meet the passing grade. In the second cycle, the students’ critical thinking skills also improved since 86% of the students belonged to the “Very High” category and 14% of the students belonged to the “High” category. Thus, the students’ learning results improved as well with 82% of the students met the passing grade and 18% of the students did not meet the passing grade.

Effects of lactate and glutamine on palmitate metabolism in rat kindey cortex

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Barac-Nieto
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Palmitate Oxidation ◽  
The Media ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Rat Renal Cortical Slices ◽  
Very High ◽  
Cortical Slices ◽  
Palmitate Metabolism ◽  
Low Rate

Rat renal cortical slices were incubated with [1-(14)C]palmitate bound to 2.5% albumin. The following effects were found: a)1 mM palmitate utilization or oxidation to CO(2) varied according to the concentration of lactate in the media, it increased at 0.8 and 3.2 mM, was unchanged at 8 mM, and decreased at 16 mM. Esterification was stimulated at 3.2 mM lactate. b) Addition of glutamine (0.1 mM) instead of lactate stimulated incomplete and complete oxidation of palmitate (1 mM), whereas high medium glutamine (10 mM) inhibited palmitate (1 mM) utilization, esterification, and oxidation to CO(2) but increased its incomplete oxidation. The low rate of exogenous palmitate oxidation observed in this study and the finding that exogenous palmitate oxidation is only partially inhibited at very high concentrations of exogenous lactate or glutamine are consistent with the view that these exogenous substrates contribute little to the oxidative metabolism of rat renal cortex in vitro, which probably depends on the supply of substrates endogenous to the tissue.

scholarly journals Deciding Where to Sleep: Spatial Levels of Nesting Selection in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Living in Savanna at Issa, Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 870-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar ◽  
Trond Reitan
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Nesting Site ◽  
Nesting Sites

AbstractTo understand how animals select resources we need to analyze selection at different spatial levels or scales in the habitat. We investigated which physical characteristics of trees (dimensions and structure, e.g., height, trunk diameter, number of branches) determined nesting selection by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) on two different spatial scales: individual nesting trees and nesting sites. We also examined whether individual tree selection explained the landscape pattern of nesting site selection. We compared the physical characteristics of actual (N = 132) and potential (N = 242) nesting trees in nesting sites (in 15 plots of 25 m × 25 m) and of all trees in actual and potential nesting sites (N = 763 in 30 plots of 25 m × 25 m). We collected data in May and June 2003 in Issa, a dry and open savanna habitat in Tanzania. Chimpanzees selected both the site they used for nesting in the landscape and the trees they used to build nests within a nesting site, demonstrating two levels of spatial selection in nesting. Site selection was stronger than individual tree selection. Tree height was the most important variable for both nesting site and tree selection in our study, suggesting that chimpanzees selected both safe sites and secure trees for sleeping.

Branched ears in wheat and yield determination

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson ◽  
KN Ruwali
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Yield Determination ◽  
Very High

Differentiation of the branched ear of a semidwarf mutant wheat is described for plants grown under irrigated field conditions, and compared with cultivars bearing simple ears. With a very high spikelet number per ear (more than SO), and few grains per spikelet (a maximum of three), the branched ear offers a radically different concept for yield production. Yields per unit area of the current branched material were not as high as for Kalyan Sona, India's premier variety, but did exceed those for Late Mexico 120. Better yields could be expected if the random sterility of spikelets within the branched ear, first apparent early in spikelet differentiation, were reduced. However, individual fertile ears filled up to 128 grains weighing 4.8 g in the better plants.

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