scholarly journals Photoperiod and Temperature Interact to Affect Petunia × hybrida Vilm. Development

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 502A-502
Author(s):  
J.E. Erwin ◽  
R. Warner ◽  
G.T. Smith ◽  
R. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

Petunia × hybrida Vilm. cvs. `Purple Wave', `Celebrity Burgundy', `Fantasy Pink Morn', and `Dreams Red' were treated with temperature and photoperiod treatments for different lengths of time at different stages of development during the first 6 weeks after germination. Plants were grown with ambient light (≈8–9 hr) at 16°C before and after treatments. Flowering was earliest and leaf number below the first flower was lowest when plants were grown under daylight plus 100 μmol·m–2·s–1 continuous light (high-pressure sodium lamps). Flowering did not occur when plants were grown under short-day treatment (8-hr daylight). Plants grown with night interruption lighting from 2200–0200 HR (2 μmol·m–2·s–1 from incandescent lamps) flowered earlier, and with a reduced leaf number compared to plants grown with daylight + a 3-hr day extension from 1700–2000 HR (100 μmol·m–2·s–1 using high-pressure sodium lamps). Plant height and internode elongation were greatest and least in night interruption and continuous light treatments, respectively. `Fantasy Pink Morn' and `Purple Wave' were the earliest and latest cultivars to flower, respectively. Flowering was hastened as temperature increased from 12 to 20°C, but not as temperature was further increased from 20 to 24°C. Branching increased as temperature decreased from 24 to 12°C. Implications of data with respect to classification of petunia flower induction and pre-fi nishing seedlings are discussed.

scholarly journals Photoperiod and Temperature Interact to Affect Viola × wittrockiana Gams. Development

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 466D-466
Author(s):  
J.E. Erwin ◽  
R. Warner ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
R. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Flower Induction ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

Viola × wittrockiana Gams. cvs `Delta Pure Rose' and `Sorbet Yellow Frost' were grown under different photoperiod and temperature treatments (12–24 ± 2°C) for different lengths of time at different stages of development during the first 6 weeks after germination. Plants were grown with ambient light (≈9 hr) at 16°C before and after treatments. Days to anthesis and leaf number were lowest when plants were grown under night interruption from 2200–0200 hr (2 μmol·m–2·s–1 from incandescent lamps) and daylight plus continuous light (100 μmol·m–2·s–1 from high-pressure sodium lamps) for `Sorbet Yellow Frost' and `Delta Pure Rose', respectively. Days to anthesis decreased as temperature increased from 12 to 24°C. Plant height and internode elongation were greatest and least in the night interruption and continuous light treatments, respectively. Branching decreased as temperature increased from 12 to 24°C. Implications of these data with respect to classification of Viola × wittrockiana flower induction and development of prefinished seedlings is discussed.

scholarly journals Photoperiod and Temperature Interact to Affect Gomphrena globosa L. and Salvia farinacea Benth. Development

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 502B-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Warner ◽  
J.E. Erwin ◽  
R. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Gomphrena Globosa ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

Gomphrena globosa L. `Gnome Pink' and Salvia farinacea Benth. `Victoria Blue' were grown under different photoperiod treatments with day and night temperatures ranging from 15 to 30°C ± 1°C air temperature for 14 weeks after germination or until anthesis. Days to anthesis and leaf number were lowest when plants were grown under 9 hr of daylight and daylight plus 4-hr day extension from 1700–2100 HR (100 μmol·m–2·s–1 from high-pressure sodium lamps) for Gomphrena and Salvia, respectively. Days to anthesis decreased as temperature increased from 15 to 25°C with Gomphrena. Further increasing night temperature from 25 to 30°C delayed flowering and increased leaf number below the first flower of Gomphrena, but hastened flowering of Salvia. Plant height and internode elongation were greatest and least in the night interruption (2 μmol·m–2·s–1 from incandescent lamps from 2200–0200 HR) and continuous light (daylight plus 100 μmol·m–2·s–1 from high-pressure sodium lamps) treatments, respectively. Implications of these data with respect to classification of Gomphrena and Salvia flower induction are discussed and revised production schedules are presented.

Prefinishing Strategies for Flowering Petunia × hybrida Vilm.

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447b-447
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Warner ◽  
John E. Erwin
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plant Form

Petunia × hybrida Vilm. `Purple Wave' and `White Storm' were grown under different lighting treatments for different lengths of time at different stages of development during the first 4 weeks after germination. The objective of the experiment was to identify the effects of photoperiod and stage of development on date of anthesis and plant form at anthesis. Seedlings were transplanted from 25-cm3 “plugs” into 85-cm3 cell-packs prior to treatment initiation. Plants were grown under ambient photoperiod (April, St. Paul, Minn.) at 20 ± 1 °C before and after treatments. Lighting treatments were 4 weeks of either 9-h ambient light (SD), ambient light plus 100 μmol·m–2·s–1 continuous light (CT) provided by high-pressure sodium lamps, or varying combinations of weeks of SD and CT. After 4 weeks of treatment, plants either remained in cell-packs, were transplanted into 10-cm pots (one plant per pot), or 19-cm pots (three plants per pot), and grown until anthesis. Data collected included anthesis date, leaf number below the first flower, lateral shoot number, and flower bud number. A single week of CT was sufficient to induce flowering in `White Storm'. `Purple Wave' plants did not flower in response to lighting during the first 2 weeks of development. `Purple Wave' plants grown under CT during weeks 3 and 4 flowered with a lower leaf number than if grown in SD for all 4weeks. Consequences of these findings with respect to prefinishing seedlings and scheduling crops of different container sizes will be discussed.

scholarly journals Variation in Floral Induction Requirements of Hibiscus sp.

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Warner ◽  
John E. Erwin
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Plant Form ◽  
Incandescent Lamps ◽  
Ornamental Species

Thirty-six Hibiscus L. species were grown for 20 weeks under three lighting treatments at 15, 20, or 25 ± 1.5 °C air temperature to identify flowering requirements for each species. In addition, species were subjectively evaluated to identify those species with potential ornamental significance based on flower characteristics and plant form. Lighting treatments were 9 hour ambient light (St. Paul, Minn., November to May, 45 °N), ambient light plus a night interruption using incandescent lamps (2 μmol·m-2·s-1; 2200 to 0200 hr), or ambient light plus 24-hour supplemental lighting from high-pressure sodium lamps (100 μmol·m-2·s-1). Five day-neutral, six obligate short-day, six facultative short-day, three obligate long-day, and one facultative long-day species were identified. Fifteen species did not flower. Temperature and lighting treatments interacted to affect leaf number below the first flower and/or flower diameter on some species. Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex Hiern, H. cisplatinus St.-Hil., H. radiatus Cav., and H. trionum L. were selected as potential new commercially significant ornamental species.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Flowering of Asclepias spp.

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 467A-467
Author(s):  
G. Nordwig ◽  
J.E. Erwin
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Plant Habit ◽  
Incandescent Lamps ◽  
Potential Use

Asclepias sp. seed were germinated and placed under different photoperiod treatments at constant 15, 20, or 25 ± 2°C. Photoperiod treatments were 8 hr, 8 hr plus night interruption lighting (2200–0200 hr, 2 μmol·m–2·s–1 from incandescent lamps), day extension lighting 1700–2000 HR (100 μmol·m–2·s–1 from highpressure sodium lamps), or daylight plus continuous light (100 μmol·m–2·s–1 light from high-pressure sodium lamps) treatments. Treatments were terminated at anthesis or after 15 weeks. Variation in plant habit and flowering were documented. Also, temperature/photoperiod effects/interactions on plant development are discussed. Lastly, species were classified into appropriate photoperiodic groups and evaluated for potential use as new floriculture crops.

scholarly journals Photoperiod and Temperature Affect Lamium, Scaevola, Verbena, and Calibracoa Development and Propagation

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 466C-466
Author(s):  
A. Cutlan ◽  
J.E. Erwin ◽  
H. Huntington ◽  
J. Huntington
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Flower Induction ◽  
Photoperiodic Flower Induction ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

Lamium maculatum L. `White Nancy', Scaevola aemula R. `New Blue Wonder', Verbena × hybrida Groenl. & Ruempl. `Tapian Blue', and Calibracoa × hybrida `Cherry Pink' were placed under different photoperiod treatments at constant 15, 20, 25, or 30 ± 2°C air temperature. Photoperiod treatments were 9 hr, ambient daylight (≈8 hr) plus night interruption lighting (2200–0200 hr, 2 μmol·m–2·s–1 from incandescent lamps), or ambient daylight plus continuous light (100 μmol·m–2·s–1 light from high-pressure sodium lamps). Data on plant development and rootability of cuttings from each environment was collected. Days to anthesis was lowest when plants were grown under the continuous lighting treatment across species. Verbena and Calibracoa stem elongation was greatest when grown under 30°C under continuous lighting. Species were classified as to photoperiodic flower induction groups. Implications of these data with respect to propagating and finishing these crops are discussed.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Flowering of Hibiscus spp.

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 466E-466
Author(s):  
R. Warner ◽  
J.E. Erwin
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Plant Habit ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

Hibiscus spp. seed were germinated and placed under different photoperiod treatments at 15, 20, or 25± 2°C. Photoperiod treatments were 9 hr, ambient daylight (≈9 hr) plus night interruption lighting (2200–0200 hr, 2 μmol·m–2·s–1 from incandescent lamps), or ambient daylight plus continuous light (100 μmol·m–2·s–1 light from high-pressure sodium lamps). Treatments were terminated at anthesis or after 20 weeks. Variation in flowering form and plant habit were documented and will be discussed. Temperature/photoperiod effects/interactions on plant development will be presented. Species were classified into appropriate photoperiodic groups. Those species with potential as new commercial floriculture crops will be presented.

scholarly journals Effects of Cold and Photoperiod on Flowering of Several Herbaceous Perennial Species

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 581b-581
Author(s):  
Erik S. Runkle ◽  
Royal D. Heins ◽  
Arthur C. Cameron ◽  
William H. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Cold Response ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cold Requirement ◽  
Incandescent Lamps ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial

Thirty herbaceous perennial species were treated at 5°C for 0 or 15 weeks. Critical photoperiods for flower initiation and development with and without a cold treatment were determined. Photoperiods were 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, or 24 hours of continuous light or 9 hours plus a 4-hour night interruption. Continuous photo-periodic treatments consisted of 9-hour natural days extended with light from incandescent lamps. Species were categorized into nine response types based on the effects of cold and photoperiod on flowering. Plants had three flowering responses to cold treatment: obligate, facultative, or none. The perennials were obligate long-day, facultative long-day, or day-neutral plants. For example, Campanula carpatica `Blue Clips' had no response to cold and was an obligate long-day plant requiring photoperiods of 16 hours or longer or night interruption for flowering. Rudbeckia fulgida `Goldsturm' had a facultative response to cold and required photoperiods of 14 hours or longer or night interruption for flowering. Veronica longifolia `Sunny Border Blue' had an obligate cold requirement and was day-neutral. Some species responded differently to photoperiod before and after cold. Leucanthemum ×superbum `Snow Cap' flowered as an obligate long-day plant without cold and as a facultative long-day plant after cold. Response categories are discussed.

scholarly journals 285 Interaction between Cold Duration, GA3, and Photoperiod on Raphanus sativus L. Flowering

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 491D-491
Author(s):  
R.M. Warner ◽  
J.E. Erwin ◽  
A.G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Model System ◽  
Vernalization Requirement ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Raphanus Sativus L ◽  
Petri Plate ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

Previous research indicated that Raphanus sativus L. `Chinese Radish Jumbo Scarlet' (CJRS) has an obligate vernalization requirement for flowering and can be vernalized as an imbibed seed in less than 10 days at 6 °C. For these reasons, it serves as an excellent model system for vernalization studies. This study was initiated to gain an understanding of the interaction between cold duration, exogenously applied GA3, and photoperiod on R. sativus CJRS flowering. R. sativus CJRS seeds were sown in 90-mm petri plates on Whatman no. 1 filter paper saturated with plain water or a solution containing 10-5 M or 10-3 M GA3. After germination (i.e., when the radicle was visible), seedlings were either directly transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in a greenhouse, or transferred to another petri plate onto filter paper saturated with water only and placed in a growth chamber at 6 °C (75 μmol•m-2•s-1 for 8 h) for 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 days. Greenhouse conditions were: 20 °C, ambient light (December to January, St. Paul, Minn.) plus 70 μmol•m-2•s-1 supplemental light (high-pressure sodium lamps, 0830-1630 hr), under either an 8-h photoperiod (covered with opaque cloth from 1630-0830 hr), or ambient photoperiod plus night-interruption lighting (2 μmol•m-2•s-1, using incandescent lamps, 2200-0200 HR). Results will be presented.

scholarly journals Light-Induced Byproducts of Vitamin C in Multivitamin Solutions

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Lavoie ◽  
Philippe Chessex ◽  
Thérèse Rouleau ◽  
Diane Migneault ◽  
Blandine Comte
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Organic Peroxides ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Biological Importance ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background: When solutions of multivitamin preparations (MVPs) are exposed to light, H2O2 as well as organic peroxides are generated and the concentration of vitamin C decreases. The aim of this study was to determine, using mass spectrometry, whether the generation of oxidative byproducts of vitamin C, such as dehydroascorbate (DHA) and 2,3-diketogulonic acid (DKG), accounted for the reported decrease in ascorbic acid in MVPs exposed to light. Methods: Mass spectrometry was used to document the formation of byproducts of ascorbic acid in solutions containing a MVP, vitamin C + riboflavin, and vitamin C + H2O2 + Fe2+. The involvement of ascorbic acid and H2O2 in the formation of organic peroxides was tested by measuring peroxide concentrations in solutions containing H2O2 with or without ascorbic acid and with or without Fe2+ before and after addition of catalase. Results: The loss of ascorbic acid in photo-exposed MVPs was associated with the concomitant generation of byproducts different from DHA and DKG. Among them, one mass fingerprint was particularly observed with solutions of vitamin C + riboflavin exposed to ambient light as well as with the solution of vitamin C + H2O2 + Fe2+, suggesting a Fenton-like reaction. This fingerprint was associated with the formation of catalase-resistant peroxides. Conclusion: Exposure of MVPs to light leads to the rapid loss of ascorbic acid and generation of specific byproducts that differ from DHA and DKG. The conversion of vitamin C into byproducts could be of biological importance in accounting for the decrease in ascorbic acid concentrations and the generation of organic peroxides in light-exposed MVPs.

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