COMPARATIVE TEST OF FLAVONOIDS AND SAPONINS BETWEEN LEAVES AND FLOWERS OF KNOBS (Gomphrena globosa l.) AS ANTI-NAUSEA AND ANTIOXIDANT THERAPY IN CANCER PATIENTS UNDERGOING CHEMOTHERAPY

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world today. In 2018, there were 18.1 million new cases of cancer with a death rate of 9.6 million. Chemotherapy is one way of cancer treating. Effects of chemotherapy include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, stomatitis and myelo suppression in the form of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Symptoms of nausea and vomiting are one of the most serious side effects. This condition can cause patient choose to stop therapy. Discontinuation of therapy has the potential to increase cancer progression. If not treated quickly, it will cause malnutrition. The knob plant (Gomhprena globosa l.) is a nutritious plant that has been used in traditional medicine. Knobs have potential as antioxidants of it flavonoids. The flavonoid and saponin compounds can accelerate the digestive system and act as an anti-nausea, making it suitable as therapy for patients with chemotherapy. This study aims to compare the flavonoid and saponin between the leaves and knob flowers which are best used as anti-nausea products. The research was conducted at the Chemical Laboratory of MAN 1 Gresik. The extraction method used in this is maceration. The steps for testing flavonoids and saponins on knob leaves and flowers can be done by pounding the leaves and knob flowers, labeling 4 test tubes, namely, F flowers for the Flavonoid test, S flowers for the Saponins test, F leaves for the Flavonoid test, S leaves for the Saponins test. Then, add 1 ml of leaf and flower extracts into test tube, add magnesium tape to the test tube labeled F leaves and F flowers, add 1 ml of concentrated HCl into the test tube labeled F, then enter 1 ml of HCl 2N on the test tube labeled S leaves and S flowers. Based on this study, can be concluded that knob leaves have higher flavonoids and saponins. Fact, knob leaves produce more yellow color. In the saponin test, the leaf had more foam than the flower. Therefore, knob leaves can be used as anti-nausea and antioxidants in cancer patients with chemotherapy.

Formulation and Stability Test of Lip Cream Preparation of Kenop Flower Ethanol Extract (Gomphrena globosa L.)

Kenop Flower (Gomphrena globosa L.) is used in the manufacture of lip cream because contains betacyanin pigments that function as color pigments. This study aims to determine the physical quality and stability of the lip cream preparation of the ethanol extract of kenop flower (Gomphrena globosa L.). This research was conducted experimentally, including the manufacture of lip cream formulations with ethanol extract of kenop flower (Gomphrena globosa L.) with a concentration of 10%. The results of the physical examination test for lip cream preparations for all preparations have a distinctive vanilla aroma with a semi-solid texture, F0 has ivory white color and F1-F3 has a brown color. The preparations had a homogeneous composition, average pH 6-7, had good greasing power, 5.0-5.8 average dispersion and 60.33-66.67 seconds average adhesion. The stability test carried out on day 28 found that all preparations were stable, had a distinctive vanilla aroma with a semi-solid texture, F0 had ivory white color and F1-F3 had a brown color. The preparation has a homogeneous composition; the average pH is 6-7. Where the lip cream formulas F1 and F3 decreased the pH value on the 28th day from 7 to 6 but tended to be stable and in the pH range that matched the lip pH. And there is no phase separation in all formulas.

Flowers and Value of Conservation in The Culture of Hindu Community in Bali

Balinese Hindu community cannot be separated from plant in their life. The information on plant species and how to utilize them are easy to find but limited information about the potency of flowers in the Balinese Hindu community. Flowers have a meaning as sincerity, a symbol of Sang Hyang Widhi, the valour, and also have mythological values. This research aimed to determine the species of flowering plants that are often used for ceremonial and understand the meaning, the cultural conception related to conservation education. The study was carried out in four locations in Tabanan Regency (Baturiti, Penebel, Marga, and Tabanan). Data were collected using an interview with purposive sampling. Data analysis based on the value of Relative Frequency (FR) which is indicated plant most widely used. Â A total of 36 species of flowers are used in traditional Hindu religious ceremonies, of which 29 species are cultivated plants and 7 species are still wild. There are ten of plants which have high FR value, such as: Cananga odorata (FR 0.069), Impatiens balsamina (FR 0.069), Hydrangea macrophylla (FR 0.069), Plumeria acuminata (FR 0.069), Tagetes erecta (FR 0.069), Magnolia champaca (FR 0.069), Gomphrena globosa / bunga ratna (FR 0.047), Gardenia jasminoides / jempiring (FR 0.039), Nymphaea spp./ tunjung (FR 0.030), and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L./ pucuk (FR 0.030). This research revealed the role of flower in Hindu ceremony and describe the strategic plant conservation due to culture of Balinese Hindu community. Finally, this research expected to documented local knowledge about flowers used as Hindu religious ceremonies, to provide an understanding of the meaning and conceptions of culture related to conservation education.

Phytochemical Molecules from the Decarboxylation of Gomphrenins in Violet Gomphrena globosa L.—Floral Infusions from Functional Food

Herein, the generation of decarboxylated derivatives of gomphrenin pigments exhibiting potential health-promoting properties and the kinetics of their extraction during tea brewing from the purple flowers of Gomphrena globosa L. in aqueous and aqueous citric acid solutions were investigated. Time-dependent concentration monitoring of natural gomphrenins and their tentative identification was carried out by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. The high content of acylated gomphrenins and their principal decarboxylation products, 2-, 15-, 17-decarboxy-gomphrenins, along with minor levels of their bidecarboxylated derivatives, were reported in the infusions. The identification was supported by the determination of molecular formulas of the extracted pigments by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LCMS-IT-TOF). The influence of plant matrix on gomphrenins’ stability and generation of their derivatives, including the extraction kinetics, was determined by studying the concentration profiles in the primary and diluted infusions. Isolated and purified acylated gomphrenins from the same plant material were used for the preliminary determination of their decarboxylated derivatives. The acylated gomphrenins were found to be more stable than nonacylated ones. Citric acid addition had a degradative influence on natural gomphrenins mainly during the longer tea brewing process (above 15 min); however, the presence of plant matrix significantly increased the stability for betacyanins’ identification.

Gomphrena globosa (globe amaranth).

Gomphrena globosa is an annual herb native to Central America now cultivated worldwide as an ornamental, as well as having uses in traditional medicine and as a source of betacyanins for use in the food and cosmetic industry. It has escaped cultivation in gardens and is now found waste grounds and disturbed sites in tropical and subtropical countries. It is listed as an invasive species by CeNBIO, and classified as an invasive plant in Cuba, Hawaii and Costa Rica.

Karakteristik Ekstrak Pewarna Alami Bunga Kenop (Gomphrena globosa L.) pada Perlakuan Jenis Pelarut dan Suhu Ekstraksi serta Korelasi antar Variabel

Globe amaranth is one of the flowers contain betacyanin that potentially used as natural dye by extracting. This research aimed to find out the characteristics of natural dye extract of globe amaranth on the treatment of solvent types and extraction temperature as well as to determine the correlation between a total of betacyanin with the yield and color intensity of the natural dye extract of globe amaranth. This experiment was designed using two factors. The first factor was solvent types consisting of aquades, ethanol 48 percent, and ethanol 96 percent. The second factor was the extraction temperature consisting of 25, 35, and 45ºC. The data analysis used a bivariate correlation test. The results showed the characteristics of the natural dye extract of globe amaranth on the treatment of the type of solvent and extraction temperature were as follows: yield of 8.65 – 16.13 percent, betacyanin total 30.01 – 185.51 mg / 100g, brightness level (L*) 12.08 – 17.09, redness level (a*) 8.19 – 10.93, and yellowish level (b*) 4.77 – 7.87. A total of betacyanin was positively correlated with yield and the redness level (a*) with correlation coefficient value (r) 0.504 (strong) and 0.986 (very strong) and determination coefficient value (R2) 0.2541 and 0.9719, while a total of betacyanin was negatively correlated with the brightness level (L*) and the yellowish level (b*) with the correlation coefficient value (r) -0.932 (very strong) and -0.907 (very strong) and determination coefficient value (R2) 0.8679 and 0.8226. Keywords: Gomphrena globosa L., betacyanin, extraction, correlation