Prefinishing Strategies for Flowering Petunia × hybrida Vilm.

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447b-447
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Warner ◽  
John E. Erwin
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plant Form

Petunia × hybrida Vilm. `Purple Wave' and `White Storm' were grown under different lighting treatments for different lengths of time at different stages of development during the first 4 weeks after germination. The objective of the experiment was to identify the effects of photoperiod and stage of development on date of anthesis and plant form at anthesis. Seedlings were transplanted from 25-cm3 “plugs” into 85-cm3 cell-packs prior to treatment initiation. Plants were grown under ambient photoperiod (April, St. Paul, Minn.) at 20 ± 1 °C before and after treatments. Lighting treatments were 4 weeks of either 9-h ambient light (SD), ambient light plus 100 μmol·m–2·s–1 continuous light (CT) provided by high-pressure sodium lamps, or varying combinations of weeks of SD and CT. After 4 weeks of treatment, plants either remained in cell-packs, were transplanted into 10-cm pots (one plant per pot), or 19-cm pots (three plants per pot), and grown until anthesis. Data collected included anthesis date, leaf number below the first flower, lateral shoot number, and flower bud number. A single week of CT was sufficient to induce flowering in `White Storm'. `Purple Wave' plants did not flower in response to lighting during the first 2 weeks of development. `Purple Wave' plants grown under CT during weeks 3 and 4 flowered with a lower leaf number than if grown in SD for all 4weeks. Consequences of these findings with respect to prefinishing seedlings and scheduling crops of different container sizes will be discussed.

scholarly journals Photoperiod and Temperature Interact to Affect Petunia × hybrida Vilm. Development

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 502A-502
Author(s):  
J.E. Erwin ◽  
R. Warner ◽  
G.T. Smith ◽  
R. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

Petunia × hybrida Vilm. cvs. `Purple Wave', `Celebrity Burgundy', `Fantasy Pink Morn', and `Dreams Red' were treated with temperature and photoperiod treatments for different lengths of time at different stages of development during the first 6 weeks after germination. Plants were grown with ambient light (≈8–9 hr) at 16°C before and after treatments. Flowering was earliest and leaf number below the first flower was lowest when plants were grown under daylight plus 100 μmol·m–2·s–1 continuous light (high-pressure sodium lamps). Flowering did not occur when plants were grown under short-day treatment (8-hr daylight). Plants grown with night interruption lighting from 2200–0200 HR (2 μmol·m–2·s–1 from incandescent lamps) flowered earlier, and with a reduced leaf number compared to plants grown with daylight + a 3-hr day extension from 1700–2000 HR (100 μmol·m–2·s–1 using high-pressure sodium lamps). Plant height and internode elongation were greatest and least in night interruption and continuous light treatments, respectively. `Fantasy Pink Morn' and `Purple Wave' were the earliest and latest cultivars to flower, respectively. Flowering was hastened as temperature increased from 12 to 20°C, but not as temperature was further increased from 20 to 24°C. Branching increased as temperature decreased from 24 to 12°C. Implications of data with respect to classification of petunia flower induction and pre-fi nishing seedlings are discussed.

scholarly journals Photoperiod and Temperature Interact to Affect Viola × wittrockiana Gams. Development

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 466D-466
Author(s):  
J.E. Erwin ◽  
R. Warner ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
R. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Flower Induction ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

Viola × wittrockiana Gams. cvs `Delta Pure Rose' and `Sorbet Yellow Frost' were grown under different photoperiod and temperature treatments (12–24 ± 2°C) for different lengths of time at different stages of development during the first 6 weeks after germination. Plants were grown with ambient light (≈9 hr) at 16°C before and after treatments. Days to anthesis and leaf number were lowest when plants were grown under night interruption from 2200–0200 hr (2 μmol·m–2·s–1 from incandescent lamps) and daylight plus continuous light (100 μmol·m–2·s–1 from high-pressure sodium lamps) for `Sorbet Yellow Frost' and `Delta Pure Rose', respectively. Days to anthesis decreased as temperature increased from 12 to 24°C. Plant height and internode elongation were greatest and least in the night interruption and continuous light treatments, respectively. Branching decreased as temperature increased from 12 to 24°C. Implications of these data with respect to classification of Viola × wittrockiana flower induction and development of prefinished seedlings is discussed.

Foliar Application of Ethephon Decreases Apical Dominance in `Orchid' Petunia (Petunia × hybrida Vilm.-Andr.)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 491e-491
Author(s):  
Darren L. Haver ◽  
Ursula K. Schuch
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Application Rates

Ethephon was applied as a foliar spray to 36-day-old petunia seedlings to determine its effectiveness at reducing apical dominance by increasing lateral shoot development. Ethephon application at rates of 125, 250 and 500 mg·L–1 to whole shoots of Petunia × hybrida `Orchid' decreased apical dominance compared to the control. The average length of a lateral shoot increased 56% as ethephon application rates increased from 0 to 500 mg·L–1. In Expt. I, ethephon-treated plants had a greater number of laterals than control plants. The number of nodes produced before the first flower bud was initiated increased from 15 to 21 as rates of ethephon increased from 0 to 500 mg·L–1. Ethephon delayed anthesis up to 10 days when applied at 500 mg·L–1 and up to 8 days when applied at 250 mg·L–1. The number of visible flower buds increased in all ethephon-treated plants compared to the control. Ethephon at 250 mg·L–1, increased shoot and root dry mass 37.9% and 20.4%, respectively, compared to untreated controls. Roots appeared healthy in both experiments, but phytotoxicity (mild chlorosis) occurred in Expt. II on plants treated with 500 mg·L–1. The experiment was repeated twice with similar results.

Cyclamen Leaf Unfolding Rate in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447d-447
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Response To Temperature

Nine-week-old plants of Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length. After 8 weeks, the temperature was changed to 16 °C for all plants. Expanded leaves (1 cm or larger) were counted at weekly intervals for each plant. The rate of leaf unfolding increased with temperature to 20 °C. The fastest rate at 20 °C was 0.34 ± 0.05 leaf/day. Flower buds were visible 55 ± 7 days from start of temperature treatments (118 days from seeding) for the plants grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C. Flower buds appeared 60 ± 6.9 days from initiation of treatments for plants grown at 24 °C and 93 ± 8.9 days for cyclamens grown at 8 °C. Although there was no significant difference in rate of flower bud appearance for cyclamens grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C, the number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds varied significantly among all temperature treatments. Leaf number at flowering increased from 38 ± 4.7 for plants at 12 °C to 77 ± 8.3 at 24 °C. Flowers and flower buds increased from 18 ± 2.9 to 52 ± 11.0 as temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C. Plants grown at 8 °C had on average 6 ± 2 visible flower buds, but no open flowers at termination of the study (128 days from start of treatments).

scholarly journals Light-Induced Byproducts of Vitamin C in Multivitamin Solutions

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Lavoie ◽  
Philippe Chessex ◽  
Thérèse Rouleau ◽  
Diane Migneault ◽  
Blandine Comte
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Organic Peroxides ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Biological Importance ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background: When solutions of multivitamin preparations (MVPs) are exposed to light, H2O2 as well as organic peroxides are generated and the concentration of vitamin C decreases. The aim of this study was to determine, using mass spectrometry, whether the generation of oxidative byproducts of vitamin C, such as dehydroascorbate (DHA) and 2,3-diketogulonic acid (DKG), accounted for the reported decrease in ascorbic acid in MVPs exposed to light. Methods: Mass spectrometry was used to document the formation of byproducts of ascorbic acid in solutions containing a MVP, vitamin C + riboflavin, and vitamin C + H2O2 + Fe2+. The involvement of ascorbic acid and H2O2 in the formation of organic peroxides was tested by measuring peroxide concentrations in solutions containing H2O2 with or without ascorbic acid and with or without Fe2+ before and after addition of catalase. Results: The loss of ascorbic acid in photo-exposed MVPs was associated with the concomitant generation of byproducts different from DHA and DKG. Among them, one mass fingerprint was particularly observed with solutions of vitamin C + riboflavin exposed to ambient light as well as with the solution of vitamin C + H2O2 + Fe2+, suggesting a Fenton-like reaction. This fingerprint was associated with the formation of catalase-resistant peroxides. Conclusion: Exposure of MVPs to light leads to the rapid loss of ascorbic acid and generation of specific byproducts that differ from DHA and DKG. The conversion of vitamin C into byproducts could be of biological importance in accounting for the decrease in ascorbic acid concentrations and the generation of organic peroxides in light-exposed MVPs.

The effect of vernalization on the heading of Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and on five cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 352 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Artificial Seed ◽  
Mediterranean Origin ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Cold Requirement

The responses of annual and perennial ryegrass to 0, 6, and 12 weeks artificial seed vernalization were determined by recording the percentages of plants heading and the leaf numbers at heading for populations of 40 plants grown in a glasshouse under continuous light. All plants of the annual L. rigidum headed without vernalization but the vernalized plants headed at a much lower leaf number than did the unvernalized controls. At least six weeks of cold treatment were needed for complete induction of the five cultivars of L. perenne examined. The vernalization responses of cultivars of Mediterranean origin were similar to those of the Australian Colac. It was shown that late heading in L. perenne is not always associated with a large cold requirement and it is suggested that photoperiod may be an important factor controlling heading of ryegrass in southern Australia.

Learning Model Based on Multiple Representation to Increase Memorize Ability of Short Letter of Al Qur'an

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
T.Nurbani Chalid ◽  
Myrnawati Crie Handini ◽  
Elindra Yetti
Keyword(s):  
Learning Model ◽  
T Test ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
P Value ◽  
Applied Model ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Field Note ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

The purpose of this study is to produc a learning model to memorize the Qur'an which corresponds to the stage of development and learning styles of children. The ability to memorize the Qur'an is marked marked by ability to recognize namely ability to verify and to match and the ability to remember namely the ability to corespond dan ability to retrieving orally. The method used in this research is research and development, modification of research model by Borg and Gall and Dick and Carrey. The data were collected by observation technique, questionnaire, interview, expert assessment instrument and field note. Quantitative data from the questionnaire results were analyzed using descriptive analysis technique with percentage, while the test result data (pretest and posttest) the ability to memorize Al-Qur'an was analyzed by t test (t-test) using SPSS program. The result of paired sample t test in the experimental class shows 0.000 less than 0,05 so there is difference before and after applied model. While the result of t test in control class showed value 0,423 and gt; 0,05 so there is no significant difference before and after applied model. The result of independent sample t test shows 0.000 so p value less than 0,05 and it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the control class and the experimental class.

scholarly journals In vitro Multiple Shoot Regeneration from Petunia hybrida

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 1554
Author(s):  
Rebaz Rasul Habas ◽  
Musa Turker ◽  
Fethi Ahmet Ozdemir
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Multiple Shoot ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Shoot Number

An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed from in vitro germinated seeds of Petunia hybrida an ornamentally important plant in the family Solanaceae. Shoot tip and node explants of Petunia hybrida were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of Benzyl amino purine (BAP), 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Gibberellic acid (GA3). The highest shoot length was obtained from MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BAP + 1 mg/l NAA. The highest shoot number (3 shoots/explant) were obtained from MS medium supplemented with 0.6 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IBA. The isolated shoots were transferred to MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of GA3 ranging from 0.05, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/l for shoot elongation. The highest shoot length (5.75 cm) was recorded from the MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l GA3 +0.2 mg/l BAP. Rooting of regenerated shoots were achieved on MS medium supplemented with 0.1-1 mg/1 IBA and NAA. The regenerated shoots with well developed roots were successfully acclimatized and established in pots containing sterilized peat moss and grown under laboratory conditions with 70% survival rates.

scholarly journals Development and Abortion of Flowers in Capsicum annuum Exposed to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 476A-476
Author(s):  
Ami N. Erickson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Stage Of Development

Reduction of floral number in Capsicum annuum has been observed during growth at high temperature. To determine whether decreased flower production or increased flower abscission is a direct response to high temperatures or a response to water stress induced by high temperatures, we compared flowers and fruit produced and flowers aborted to leaf growth rate, osmotic potential, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll fluorescence of two cultivars. To determine the stage(s) of floral development that are most sensitive to high temperatures, flower buds were wax-embedded and examined at each stage of development during heat treatment. Rate of floral development also was examined. At first visible floral bud initiation, plants were transferred to each of three controlled environment growth chambers with set temperatures and vapor pressure deficits (VPD) of 25°C, 1.1 kPa; 33°C, 1.1 kPa; and 33°C, 2.1 kPa. Flower bud production and leaf growth rate were not significantly affected by high temperatures. Pepper fruit set, however, was inhibited at 33°C at either VPD. Preliminary water relations data suggested that water potentials were more negative under high temperature conditions. Differences in leaf fluorescence were statistically significant for temperature treatments, but not for VPD. Temperature is the primary factor in the decrease of fruit production in pepper. Decreased production is due to flower abortion and not to decreased flower initiation or plant growth.

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