scholarly journals (55) Leaf Abnormality on White and Red Oak Linked to Drift of Chloroacetanilide Herbicides

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1038C-1038
Author(s):  
Jayesh B. Samtani ◽  
John B. Masiunas ◽  
James E. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Standard Field ◽  
Chloroacetanilide Herbicides ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Main Vein ◽  
Leaf Symptoms ◽  
Oak Seedlings

In some years, the emerging leaves of white oak and, to a lesser extent, of red oak in the Midwest have developed abnormally. This abnormality is referred to as leaf tatters. Reports to state foresters and Extension specialists associated tatters with herbicide applications. In 2005, white and red oak seedlings were treated in a spray chamber delivering 187 L/ha, with seven herbicides at three concentrations, 1/4×, 1/10×, and 1/100× of the standard field use rate. These herbicides and their standard field use rate of the active ingredients included atrazine at 2.3 kg/ha and chloroacetanilide herbicides: acetochlor at 2.0 kg/ha, metolachlor at 2.1 kg/ha, and dimethenamid at 0.8 kg/ha alone or mixed with atrazine at 2.3 kg/ha, at the leaves unfolding stage. After treatment, oaks were placed outdoors in a randomized complete-block design. Leaf symptoms in our study were similar to those seen in the landscape. In chloroacetanilide-treated white and red oak seedlings, browning of interveinal leaf tissues was noticed 5–6 days after treatment. The dried leaf tissues then dropped off, leaving only the main vein with little interveinal leaf area. In few seedlings treated with atrazine, the leaf tissues turned yellow to brown, while in few others, interveinal tissue damage was restricted, leaving small holes in the leaf. When chloroacetanilide herbicides were applied with atrazine, the dominant symptoms were those of leaf tatters. A few seedlings treated with dimethenamid and atrazine had predominately atrazine symptoms. Although new growth later in the season was not injured, the leaves with tatters remained on the plant until the end of the growing season. The study will be repeated in 2006.

scholarly journals White Oak and Northern Red Oak Leaf Injury from Exposure to Chloroacetanilide Herbicides

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayesh B. Samtani ◽  
John B. Masiunas ◽  
James E. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Red Oak ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Chloroacetanilide Herbicides ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Tree Injury

Previous research by the authors found simulated acetochlor (with atrazine) and s-metolachlor drift to white oak at the leaf unfolding stage caused loss of interveinal tissues (leaf tatters). Reports of leaf tatters in the landscape and nursery settings are more common on white oak (Quercus alba L.) than on northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Our objectives were to determine if white and northern red oak differed in susceptibility to chloroacetanilide herbicides, if injury varied between chloroacetanilide herbicides, and if adding atrazine increased leaf injury. Two-year-old seedlings at the leaf unfolding stage were treated with acetochlor, s-metolachlor, and dimethenamid-P alone or combined with atrazine at 1%, 10%, and 25% of the standard field use rate. Within 6 days, all chloroacetanilides at 10% and 25% field use rates, alone or combined with atrazine, caused leaf tatter injury in both species. Acetochlor, s-metolachlor, and dimethenamid-P caused a similar type of leaf injury. Atrazine did not cause loss of leaf tissues or increase injury from chloroacetanilides. At 1% field use rate, only acetochlor, acetochlor + atrazine, and dimethenamid-P caused leaf injury to northern red oaks. The white oaks were not injured by all of the chloroacetanilide treatments at 1% field use rate. The northern red oaks were slightly more susceptible to chloroacetanilides compared with the white oaks. A second study found acetochlor only injured northern red oak when applied at the leaf unfolding stage and only at 25% of field use rate. Acetochlor at 1% field use rate did not injure red oak. Research is needed to explain the greater frequency of leaf tatters on white oaks than on northern red oaks in the landscape and to develop strategies to avoid tree injury.

scholarly journals Herbicide Drift Study on White Oak Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1005A-1005
Author(s):  
Jayesh B. Samtani ◽  
John B. Masiunas ◽  
James E. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stages ◽  
Leaf Margin ◽  
Leaf Rolling ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Standard Field ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Herbicide Drift ◽  
Oak Seedlings

In 2004 and 2005, potted white oak seedlings 0.6 m in height were treated with six herbicide treatments at three concentrations, 1/4, 1/10, and 1/100× of the standard field use rate. These herbicides and their standard field use rate of active ingredient (a.i.) included 2,4-D at 1.5 kg/ha, 2,4-D + glyphosate at 0.8 kg/ha + 1 kg/ha, acetochlor + atrazine at 3.5 kg/ha, dicamba at 0.7 kg/ha, glyphosate at 1.1 kg/ha and metolachlor at 2.0 kg/ha. The seedlings were treated at three growth stages: swollen buds, leaves unfolding, and expanded leaves. A compressed air spraying chamber delivering 187 L/ha was used to apply the herbicides. After treatment, the containers were placed in an open field plot in a completely randomized design. Oak seedlings were most susceptible to herbicide injury at all concentrations, at the leaves unfolding stage. Symptoms on seedlings treated with 2,4-D and dicamba at the leaves unfolding stage included leaf cupping and rolling, leaf curling, leaf rolling downward from leaf margin, and unusual elongation at leaf tip. Glyphosate + 2,4-D applications resulted in leaf cupping, yellowing, leaf rolling downward from leaf margin and abnormal leaf tips. Glyphosate symptoms ranged from leaf yellowing and browning, to slight browning of interveinal leaf tissues. Acetochlor + atrazine, or metolachlor alone caused the abnormality referred to as “leaf tatters” where in severe cases, only the main veins are present with limited amounts of interveinal tissues. Detailed description of the injury symptoms, supplemented with photographs are posted on a web site: http://www.nres.uiuc.edu/research/herbicide_research/index.htm

scholarly journals Auger Planting of Oak Seedlings

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-93
Author(s):  
Eric Heitzman ◽  
Adrian Grell
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Oak Seedlings

Abstract In 2001, we used power augers to plant 1-0 northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Q. alba) seedlings in stony soils in Arkansas. After two growing seasons, red oak and white oak survival was 86% and 91%, respectively. Both species had only grown an average of 1 ft in height in 2 yr. North. J. Appl. For. 20(2):92–93.

scholarly journals Shadecovers Affect Degradation of Carbaryl on Field-grown Pakchoi

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Marutani ◽  
Veronica Endirveersingham
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residue ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Relationship Of

The effect of shade covers on degradation of insecticide, carbaryl on field-grown pakchoi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) was examined by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Carbaryl at a.i. 10.6 g·L-1 (1.42 oz/gal) was applied to the plants grown under five different shade treatments including control without any coverings. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Pesticide residue on leaf tissues was examined on dates of 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after pesticide application. On all sampling dates, pesticide residue was greater with treatments with higher shade percentage. Both linear and quadratic relationship of shade (independent variable) and the concentration of remained carbaryl (dependent variable) were significant (P < 0.05). The half-life of carbaryl on pakchoi leaves ranged from 2 days for control to 9 days for the heaviest shade (75%) treatment with rain protection.

scholarly journals Injury on White Oak Seedlings from Herbicide Exposure Simulating Drift

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 2076-2080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayesh B. Samtani ◽  
John B. Masiunas ◽  
James E. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Housing Developments ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Chloroacetanilide Herbicides ◽  
Herbicide Drift ◽  
Oak Seedlings

Herbicide drift to landscape and woodland trees is a particular concern in midwestern United States where the topography is relatively flat, large-scale agriculture relies on herbicides, and housing developments and woodlands are intermingled with agricultural fields. Recently, leaf abnormalities (called leaf tatters) have been reported on white oak (Quercus alba L.). We evaluated the effects of field corn herbicides on white oak at the swollen bud, leaf unfolding, and expanded leaf stages. Container-grown white oak seedlings were treated with 1%, 10%, and 25% standard field use rates of 2,4-D isooctyl ester, glyphosate, 2,4-D isooctyl ester + glyphosate, dicamba, acetochlor + atrazine, and metolachlor. Loss of interveinal tissues (leaf tatters) occurred after treatment with the chloroacetanilide herbicides, acetochlor (+ atrazine) and metolachlor, only when oaks were in the leaf unfolding stage. No other herbicide caused tatter-like symptoms. Dicamba and 2,4-D ester applied at the leaf unfolding stage caused leaf cupping, downward rolling of leaf margins, elongation of leaf tips, leaf strapping with parallel veination, and initial leaf cupping followed by death of the growing point. Glyphosate applied at either the leaf unfolding or expanded leaf stage caused leaf chlorosis and necrosis, leaf tip browning, and curling of leaves. Herbicide applications near white oak should be timed before leaf unfolding or after the expanded leaf stages.

scholarly journals Planting Oaks in Group Selection Openings on Upland Sites: Two Case Studies from Arkansas

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
Eric Heitzman ◽  
Adrian Grell
Keyword(s):  
Group Selection ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Ozark Mountains ◽  
White Oak ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Oak Seedlings

Abstract Two upland sites in Arkansas were studied to test the performance of 1-0 northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and white oak (Quercus alba L.) seedlings planted in group selection openings. Both red and white oak seedlings were planted at one location in the Ozark Mountains,and only red oak seedlings were planted at a second site along Crowleys Ridge. Holes were dug with power augers and seedlings were planted by hand. At the time of planting, the mean height of red oak and white oak seedlings at the Ozark site were 3.4 and 1.9 ft, respectively. Red oak seedlingsat Crowleys Ridge averaged 3.0 ft tall when planted. After 4 years at the Ozark site, 77% of red oak and 86% of white oak were alive. After 3 years at Crowleys Ridge, red oak survival was 80%. Seedlings at both sites grew slowly. Mean 4-year height increment at the Ozarksite was 2.1 ft for red oak and 2.5 ft for white oak, and mean 3-year height increment for red oak at Crowleys Ridge was 1.6 ft. Three years after planting in the Ozark Mountains and 2 years after planting at Crowleys Ridge, naturally regenerating competition had suppressed over one-thirdof the red oak and about one-half of the white oak. This necessitated a release treatment around planted seedlings at both sites. Oaks that decreased in total height over a given growing season were common. Most seedlings that decreased in height had been pulled over or crushed by other vegetationor exhibited top dieback. South. J. Appl.For. 30(3):142–146.

Do chestnut, northern red, and white oak germinant seedlings respond similarly to light treatments? Growth and biomass

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 2219-2230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Rebbeck ◽  
Kurt Gottschalk ◽  
Amy Scherzer
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Oak Seedlings

Northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L.) seedling growth has been extensively studied. White oak ( Quercus alba L.) and chestnut oak ( Quercus prinus L.), however, are far less investigated despite their importance among upland oak species in eastern North American forests. We characterized white and chestnut oak seedling response to light and available soil nutrients while using northern red oak as a benchmark. Germinants were grown within one of three shade treatments (25%, 18%, and 6% of full sun) in one of two native forest soil mixes over two growing seasons. Leaf area, shoot mass, and root mass of all three species showed positive growth responses to increasing light. Growth and biomass were higher for all species grown in the more nutrient-rich forest soil, but chestnut oak displayed the greatest positive responses to the higher nutrient levels. White oak seedlings were the slowest growers and demonstrated the most root-centered growth, with root to shoot ratios almost twice that of either chestnut or northern red oak seedlings. The oak species evaluated here responded differently to changes in resource availability. Our study demonstrates the differential response of upland oaks to low light and nutrients. These differences need consideration when developing oak management prescriptions for specific oaks.

scholarly journals Toxidez de manganês na planta de arroz atenuada pela ação do silício nos tecidos foliares

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 2523
Author(s):  
Luiz Antônio Zanão Júnior ◽  
Renildes Lúcio Ferreira Fontes ◽  
Jaqueline Dias Pereira ◽  
Maristela Pereira Carvalho-Zanão ◽  
Natalia Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Epidermal Thickness ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Mn Toxicity ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Rice Leaves

Anatomical modifications of leaves and other organs associated with mineral nutrition have been observed in many plants. However, little is known about the quantitative effects of Si and Mn on the anatomy of plant leaves, especially in rice. This study aimed to quantify the tissue thickness of rice leaves and the density of silica bodies in rice leaves grown in a nutrient solution supplemented with Si and Mn and evaluate the possible effects of Si on Mn toxicity. Treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial scheme = six combinations of treatments, two doses of Si (0 and 2 mmol L-1), and three doses of Mn (0.5, 2.5, and 10 µmol L-1) in randomized complete block design with four replications. After 39 days in the nutrient solution with the respective treatments, anatomical and micromorphometric measures of the leaf blade were carried out to determine the thickness and area of leaf tissues. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test of means(p?0,05). The abaxial and adaxial epidermal thickness, as well as the density of silica bodies increased with the addition of Si to the nutrient solution. This study demonstrated that Si reduced the number of vascular bundles and Mn reduced the thickness of the chlorenchyma with increasing doses. Manganese doses of up to 10 ?mol L-1 do not inhibit the uptake and deposition of silicon in rice leaf tissues. Higher Si concentration in the solution caused anatomical changes in the leaf, which was associated with a possible alleviation of Mn toxicity due to the higher concentration of Si in plants since this effect was observed mainly when Si was present in the nutrient solution.

scholarly journals Phytoextraction and nutritional quality of forages cultivated in a constructed wetland system for wastewater treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 90-99
Author(s):  
Rubens Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Gilson Araújo de Freitas ◽  
Alvaro José Gomes de Faria ◽  
Jefferson Santana da Silva Carneiro ◽  
Inádia de Jesus Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Wetland System ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Phytoextraction Potential

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of sodium on the phytoextraction of nutrients and nutritional quality of forages (P. purpureum Schum and C. dactylon Pers) grown in wetland system constructed for wastewater generated in cattle slaughterhouses (WGCS) treatment. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were tested using 2 x 5 factorial scheme, as follows: two species of grass (P. purpureum Schum and C. dactylon Pers) and five concentrations of sodium in WGCS: 70, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg L-1. The phytoextraction potential of nutrients and the nutritional quality of forages grown in pots simulating a wetland system constructed for WGCS with sodium concentrations were assessed in terms of the contents of the nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium in leaf tissues. The accumulations of these nutrients in the produced forages were also evaluated. Both species presented different behaviors regarding their nutrient phytoextraction potentials. The nutritional quality was changed in the forages due to the cultivation in constructed wetlands. Forage C. dactylon Pers presented higher phytoextraction potential of sodium and potassium and P. purpureum Schum presented a higher nutritional quality.

DISTRIBUSI DAN IDENTIFIKASI POPULASI SINTRONG (Crossocephalum crepidiodes.Benth) RESISTEN PARAKUAT PADA LAHAN JAGUNG (Zea mays) DI KABUPATEN DAIRI

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161
Author(s):  
Berton Sianturi
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Susceptible Populations

Crassocephalum crepidioides on Cornfields in Dairi Regency had been reported tobecome more difficult to control using paraquat. The objective of the research was todetermine the characteristics and the distribution of C.crepidioides resistant to paraquatin cornfields. The experiment was carried out in two steps, the first step was screeningthe population of C. crepidioides with paraquat at the recommended dose, and the secondstep, dose-response experiment for the resistance level of C. crepidioides population withdose 0, 76, 152, 304,5, 609, 1218, and 2436 g.ai /ha. In the first step experiment, paraquatdichloride was applied at 280 g.ai/ha. The treatments were arranged in a randomized blockdesign with 3 replication. The second step experiment was that the resistant populationsconfirmed in the first experiment were sprayed for their dose-response. The treatmentswere arranged in a randomized complete block design (CRBD). The results showed thatof 30 populations of C. crepidiodes, 19 populations (63.3%) were categorized to beresistant with the mortality ranging from 10.84% to 52.08%, and 11 populations (36.7%),was categorized as high resistance with mortality of 0% to 9.21%. The level ofresistance (R/S) of R-C25, R-C27, and R-C30 populations of C. crepidioides were 12,3,14,86, and 24,83 times consecutively, compared with the susceptible population. Thenumber of C. crepidioides chlorophyl leaves in susceptible populations was significantlylower than that of a resistant populations.

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