scholarly journals (27) Effect of Plant Stand Density and Pesticide Application Technology on Insect Pests and Diseases of Bell Peppers

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1075B-1075
Author(s):  
Salvador Vitanza ◽  
Celeste Welty ◽  
Mark Bennett ◽  
Sally Miller ◽  
Richard Derksen
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Application Technology ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Full Rate ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
The Impact

The impact of pesticide application technology and crop stand density on bell pepper production was evaluated in a series of field trials, during 2004 and 2005, at the North Central Agricultural Research Station, Fremont, Ohio. In 2004, one trial tested three sprayers, at a speed of 8 and 4 mph, using insecticides at half the recommended rate and one treatment at full rate. Sprayers evaluated included an air-assisted electrostatic sprayer, a Cagle sprayer equipped with AI-11005 or AI-110025 nozzles, and an air-blast sprayer with XR-1003-VS or XR-110015-VS nozzles. In 2005, one experiment tested the interaction of two application technologies, three planting distances within row, and single vs. twin rows. Another experiment compared the Cagle sprayer (with TJ60-11003 or AI-110025 nozzles) and the airblast sprayer (with XR-110015-VS nozzles), at a speed of 4 mph, and insecticides at half the recommended rate. In 2004, the Cagle sprayer with air-induction nozzle, half rate, at 8 mph obtained the highest fruit yield. There was not significant improvement in European corn borer control by applying insecticides at full rate with the Cagle sprayer and all treatments achieved significantly better bacterial soft rot control than the untreated control. In 2005, the trials were terminated early due to crop destruction by Phytophthora capsici. Red fruit weighed less at high than at medium or low plant stand densities. Clean yield of red fruit was significantly greater in single rows than in twin rows. Marketable yield of green fruit was greater using the TJ60-11003 than using the AI-110025 nozzles.

Foliar Sprays to Control European Corn Borer in Spring and Fall Peppers, 1997

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-120
Author(s):  
John Speese ◽  
Brian A. Nault
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Spring Crop ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Crop Harvest ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Extension Center ◽  
Plant Basis

Abstract Peppers were transplanted on 23 May (spring crop) and 1 Aug (fall crop) at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 20-ft-rows with 3-ft spacing between rows. Plots were separated from each other by an untreated guard row. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCBD for both plantings. Sprays were applied with a propane-powered backpack sprayer using 6 flat-fan nozzles/2 rows and delivering 46 gal of spray/acre at 40 psi. Latron CS-7 was used with each application at 0.12% vol./vol. Weekly applications were made on both crops beginning when fruit was ≥2 inches in diameter. The spring crop was sprayed from 31 Jul-10 Sep (6 sprays), and the fall crop was sprayed from 17 Sep-8 Oct (4 sprays). To evaluate efficacy of the treatments, the market-sized fruit was harvested from the most uniform row and examined for ECB damage. The number and weight of undamaged (marketable) fruit, and the number of ECB damaged fruit, were recorded for each crop. Harvest dates are indicated in the tables. Plant stand counts were taken in all harvested rows, and yields and % damaged fruit were adjusted to a per plant basis.

scholarly journals DIGONESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL MONITERING SYSTEM IN A POULTRY HOUSE

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Al-Chalabi & et al
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Poultry House ◽  
Productive Traits ◽  
The Impact

This experiment was conducted at a closed poultry house , Poultry Research Station , office of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq, for the period from 2/9 to 14/03/2016 for total rearing of 35 days. To diagnose and monitoring the Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity , density, and the carbon dioxide levels inside the house during winter season, and its impact on the productive performance of broiler chickens Rose 308 breed .The dimensions of the house was ,length 35 m x width 7.5 m x Height 2.5 m, by total space volume 3656.25 m3. The ventilation system in the house was (negative pressure type). The house is totally closed, small fans for (minimum ventilation) in the winter are functioned, and large fans for ventilation in the evaporative cooling operation were used in the summer. 1000 sexed birds were used in this experiment imported through commercial hatchery in Abu Ghraib. The house was divided into three thermal Zones in order to find out whether heterogeneity in environmental conditions is existed in the house and at bird level .as a result the impact on the homogeneity in the weights of marketed birds . The treatments have been distributed into 32 rearing cages by the following order: 8 cages with the density of 50 birds / cage, the remaining 24 cages were divided into the density of 25 birds / cage. The results showed that there were significant differences between the treatments in the rate of body weight ,body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency among   densities and the three thermal zones due to the presence of cool air leaks into the house at the front ,End of the house, and its sides especially when fans are on , along with dead Air pockets that were identified in many places in the middle of the housed, yet this Zone was the one that had the best productive traits in comparison with the other two zones. The purpose of this experiment is to study environmental parameters homogeneity  inside the shed in addition to impact of CO2 levels and impact of birds density on productive traits.

Estimating the impact of climate change on the occurrence of selected pests at a high spatial resolution: a novel approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. KOCMÁNKOVÁ ◽  
M. TRNKA ◽  
J. EITZINGER ◽  
M. DUBROVSKÝ ◽  
P. ŠTĚPÁNEK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Colorado Potato Beetle ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Potato Beetle ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYThe present study is focused on the potential occurrence of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say 1824), an important potato pest, and the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis, Hübner 1796), the most important maize pest, during climate change. Estimates of the current potential distribution of both pest species as well as their distribution in the expected climate conditions are based on the CLIMEX model. The study covers central Europe, including Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and parts of Germany, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, Slovenia, the northern parts of Serbia, parts of Croatia and northern Italy. The validated model of the pests’ geographical distribution was applied within the domain of the regional climate model (RCM) ALADIN, at a resolution of 10 km. The weather series that was the input for the CLIMEX model was prepared by a weather generator (WG) which was calibrated with the RCM-simulated weather series (for the period of 1961–90). To generate a weather series for two future time periods (2021–50 and 2071–2100), the WG parameters were modified according to 12 climate change scenarios produced by the pattern scaling method. The standardized scenarios derived from three global climate models (HadCM, NCAR-PCM and ECHAM) were scaled by low, middle and high values of global temperature change estimated by the Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse-gas Induced Climate Change (MAGICC) model (assuming three combinations of climatic sensitivity and emission scenarios). The results of present study suggest the likely widening of the pests’ habitats and an increase in the number of generations per year. According to the HadCM-high scenario, the area of arable land affected by a third generation per season of Colorado potato beetle in 2050 is c. 45% higher, and by a second generation of the European corn borer is nearly 61% higher, compared to present levels.

scholarly journals Modeling the Impact of Cross-pollination and Low Toxin Expression in Corn Kernels on Adaptation of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Transgenic Insecticidal Corn

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kang ◽  
D. W. Onstad ◽  
R. L. Hellmich ◽  
S. E. Moser ◽  
W. D. Hutchison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Corn Kernels ◽  
The Impact

THIRD TROPHIC LEVEL EFFECTS OF AZADIRACHTIN

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. McCloskey ◽  
J.T. Arnason ◽  
N. Donskov ◽  
R. Chenier ◽  
J. Kaminski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Cotesia Congregata ◽  
Third Trophic Level ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
Parasitoid Development ◽  
Diadegma Terebrans ◽  
The Impact

Azadirachtin (AZA) is the principal insecticidal compound occurring in the oil of neem [Azadirachta indica (Juss.)] seed. Although many studies have been published (Schmutterer 1990) regarding the effects of AZA on herbivorous insects, little is known of the impact of this compound on the natural enemies of herbivores. Beckage et al. (1988) investigated the effects of injected AZA on Cotesia congregata (FAY) (Braconidae), a parasitoid of Manduca sexta (L.). Parasitoid development was retarded when injections of 2.5–10 μg AZA were administered to the host larva prior to the wasp's first larval ecdysis. The development of new neem-based insecticides in North America (Isman et al. 1991) has prompted the investigation of the effects of AZA on the natural enemies of pest insects that have ingested sublethal doses of the active compound. Our laboratory study was carried out with the ichneumonid parasitoid, Diadegma terebrans (Gravenhorst), and its host, the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). AZA (>95% purity) for this study was extracted as described previously (Xie et al. 1991) from seeds collected in India.

scholarly journals The impact of Bacillus thuringiensis technology on the occurrence of fumonisins and other mycotoxins in maize

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Díaz-Gómez ◽  
S. Marín ◽  
T. Capell ◽  
V. Sanchis ◽  
A.J. Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Bt Maize ◽  
Cry1ab Protein ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
The Impact

In many developing countries, maize is both a staple food crop and a widely-used animal feed. However, adventitious colonisation or damage caused by insect pests allows fungi to penetrate the vegetative parts of the plant and the kernels, the latter resulting in mycotoxin contamination. Maize seeds contaminated with fumonisins and other mycotoxins pose a serious threat to both humans and livestock. However, numerous studies have reported a significant reduction in pest damage, disease symptoms and fumonisin levels in maize hybrids expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene cry1Ab, particularly in areas where the European corn borer is prevalent. When other pests are also present, the cry1Ab gene alone offers insufficient protection, and combinations of insecticidal genes are required to reduce damage to plants caused by insects. The combination of Cry1Ab protein with other Cry proteins (such as Cry1F) or Vip proteins has reduced the incidence of pests and, indirectly, mycotoxin levels. Maize hybrids expressing multiple Bt genes, such as SmartStax®, are less susceptible to damage by insects, but mycotoxin levels are not routinely and consistently compared in these crops. Bt maize has a greater economic impact on Fusarium toxins than aflatoxins. The main factors that determine the effectiveness of Bt hybrids are the type of pest and the environmental conditions, but the different fungal infection pathways must also be considered. An alternative strategy to reduce mycotoxin levels in crops is the development of transgenic plants expressing genes that protect against fungal infection or reduce mycotoxin levels by in situ detoxification. In this review article, we summarise what is known about the relationship between the cultivation of Bt maize hybrids and contamination levels with different types of mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Effect of irrigation methods and mulching on growth and yield parameters of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) in arid condition

1970 ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
R L Bhardwaj, M M Sundria, S R R Kumhar, N Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
The Impact

The research work was carried out to study the impact of various irrigation methods and mulching on plant growth, production and profitability of chilli cv. R.Ch. 1 at Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, Jodhpur during July, 2016 to February, 2017. The results of surface irrigation were compared with drip irrigation system under no mulch and in conjunction with plastic mulch. The results revealed that the crop was irrigated by drip irrigation on raise bed with 100 micron Linear Low Density Poly Ethylene plastic mulch (T8 treatment) exhibited significantly higher seedling survival at 15 and 30 days after transplanting (95.16% and 91.70%), highest plant height (47.10 cm at 45 DAT and 54.60 cm at harvest), highest number of branches (14.93) plant-1, maximum stem girth (2.32 cm) number of roots plant-1 (138.5), highest fruit set (38.47%), length of fresh fruit (12.56 cm), diameter of fruit (3.52 cm) and fresh weight of fruit-1 (8.42g) was observed. The maximum number of fruits plant-1(125), highest yield plant-1 (1052.5g), yield ha-1 (337.63q) and premier fruit quality score (9.11) with maximum net return (Rs.326407.28) and benefit: cost ratio (3.41) was also reported in same treatment. Comparatively minimum time (15 hours) required for one hectare irrigation was also reported in drip irrigation on raise bed with plastic mulch. This led to lower population of white fly plant-1 (4.53), minimum weed infestation (1.53 weed m-2), leaf curl (5.50%) and fruit rot (5.0%) incidence than other treatment combinations. The minimum growth, yield and profitability were reported in check basin method of irrigation without mulch (T1 treatment).

scholarly journals Yield reductions in grain maize associated with the presence of European corn borer and Gibberella stalk rot in Québec

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hudon ◽  
G. Bourgeois ◽  
G. Boivin ◽  
D. Chez
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Tunnel Length ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Plant Damage ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
The Impact

The impact of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] infestation and stalk rot infection caused by Gibberella zeae on yield of eight grain maize (Zea mays) inbreds, two commercial and six experimental hybrids was evaluated from 1975 to 1980. Three criteria were used: leaf feeding, total plant damage at harvest and tunnel length/plant height ratio. For most criteria, the cultivars were significantly different and the artificial European corn borer infestation had an effect almost every year. Although G. zeae can have a signifiant effect on plant damage at harvest and yield of grain maize, no consistent link was found between stalk rot and European corn borer.

The impact of predation by red-winged blackbirds on European corn borer populations

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1535-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry E. Bendell ◽  
Patrick J. Weatherhead ◽  
Robin K. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Agelaius Phoeniceus ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Corn Borers ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
The Impact

Population estimates of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were significantly positively correlated with distance from a blackbird roost near Beauharnois, Quebec. Gullet contents of male red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) indicated that corn borers were consumed, particularly in the late fall. This predation appears to be responsible for lowering corn borer populations in standing corn the following year. It was estimated that the benefit provided by red-winged blackbirds through predation on com borers compensated for approximately 20% of the damage the birds did to standing corn.

Development of Macrocentrus grandii Goidanich within microsporidian-infected Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) host larvae

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2532-2535 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Cossentine ◽  
L. C. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Macrocentrus Grandii ◽  
Larval Tissue ◽  
Adult Parasitoid ◽  
The Impact

The impact of each of three microsporidia on the braconid parasitoid Macrocentrus grandii Goidanich within infected European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), hosts was studied. Nosema pyrausta (Paillot) and Nosema sp. infected M. grandii larval tissue. All three microsporidia decreased adult parasitoid eclosion. Female M. grandii eclosing after development in hosts infected with Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer) or N. pyrausta lived for 10 to 14 days. Females infected with these two species did not transmit the pathogens transovarially to their offspring. Only male M. grandii adults eclosed from hosts infected with Nosema sp.

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