scholarly journals Managing Phosphorus for Citrus Yield and Fruit Quality in Developing Orchards

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 2162-2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Obreza ◽  
Robert E. Rouse ◽  
Kelly T. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Volume Yield ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Very High

No calibrated phosphorus (P) soil test exists to guide Florida citrus fertilization. Applying P fertilizer to citrus when it is not needed is wasteful and may cause undesirable P enrichment of adjacent surface water. The objective of this study was to establish guidelines for P management in developing Florida grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osb.) orchards by determining the effect of P fertilizer rate on soil test P and subsequently calibrating a P soil test for citrus yield and fresh fruit quality. Two orchards were planted on sandy soil with 3 mg·kg−1 (very low) Mehlich 1 soil test P. In Years 1 through 3, P fertilization increased soil test P up to 102 mg·kg−1 (very high). In Years 4 through 7, canopy volume, yield, and fruit quality did not respond to available soil P as indexed by soil testing. As tree size and fruit production increased, leaf P was below optimum where soil test P was below 13 mg·kg−1 (grapefruit) or 31 mg·kg−1 (oranges). Total P in the native soil at planting was ≈42 mg·kg−1, which was apparently available enough to support maximum tree growth, fruit yield, and fruit quality for the first 7 years after planting. Trees were highly efficient in taking up P from a soil considered very low in available P. Citrus producers can likely refrain from applying P fertilizer to young trees on Florida sandy soils if soil test P is very high or high and probably medium as well.

Relationship of soil phosphorus fractions to phosphorus soil tests and fertilizer response

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. McKenzie ◽  
E. Bremer
Keyword(s):  
Available P ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Test P

Soil tests for available P may not be accurate because they do not measure the appropriate P fraction in soil. A sequential extraction technique (modified Hedley method) was used to determine if soil test P methods were accurately assessing available pools and if predictions of fertilizer response could be improved by the inclusion of other soil P fractions. A total of 145 soils were analyzed from field P fertilizer experiments conducted across Alberta from 1991 to 1993. Inorganic P (Pi) removed by extraction with an anion-exchange resin (resin P) was highly correlated with the Olsen and Kelowna-type soil test P methods and had a similar relationship with P fertilizer response. No appreciable improvement in the fit of available P with P fertilizer response was achieved by including any of the less available P fractions in the regression of P fertilizer response with available P. Little Pi was extractable in alkaline solutions (bicarbonate and NaOH), particularly in soils from the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones. Alkaline fractions were the most closely related to resin P, but the relationship depended on soil zone. Inorganic P extractable in dilute HCl was most strongly correlated with soil pH, reflecting accumulation in calcareous soils, while Pi extractable in concentrated acids (HCl and H2SO4) was most strongly correlated with clay concentration. A positive but weak relationship as observed between these fractions and resin P. Complete fractionation of soil P confirmed that soil test P methods were assessing exchangeable, plant-available P. Key words: Hedley phosphorus fractionation, resin, Olsen, Kelowna

scholarly journals Evaluating Phosphorous Fertilization and Commercial Biostimulants for Producing Cabbage

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Heckman
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Very High

Yield responses of `Blue Vantage' cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) to P fertilizer and two commercially available biostimulants—ROOTS and ESSENTIAL-were evaluated on soils very high in P fertility. Head yield was not increased with P fertilizer when cabbage was transplanted into soil with Mehlich-3 soil test P indexes ≥ 112 ppm (112 mg·kg-1). Neither of the biostimlants applied as a root drench at transplanting influenced head yield or plant tissue nutrient analysis.

Effect of P-buffer capacity and P-retention index of soils on soil test-P, soil test P-calibrations and yield response curvature

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
IR Wilson ◽  
DG Allen
Keyword(s):  
Retention Index ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Sorption Method ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
P Retention

Twenty-three virgin Western Australian soils of different buffer capacities (BC) for phosphorus (P) were collected. The effects of BC on the relationships between Colwell soil test P and the level of P applied, yield and soil test P, and yield and the level of P applied were studied. Wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Reeves), grown for 27 days in a glasshouse, was used. Two methods of measuring P sorption of soils, P buffer capacity (PBC) and P retention index (PRI), were used. The PBC is determined from a multi-point sorption curve. The PRI is a new, diagnostic, one-point, sorption method now widely used for commercial soil P testing in Western Australia. Both PBC and PRI produced similar results. The relationship between soil test P and the level of P applied was adequately described by a linear equation. When the slope coefficient of the linear equations was related to PBC or PRI, there was no relationship. The other two relationships were adequately described by a Mitscherlich equation. When the curvature coefficient of the Mitscherlich equation was related to PBC or PRI, the trend was for the value of the coefficient to decrease with increasing PBC or PRI. Consequently, as the capacity of the soil to sorb P increased the trend was for larger soil test P or higher levels of P application to produce the same yield.

Changes in chemical properties of 48 intensively grazed, rain-fed dairy paddocks on sandy soils over 11 years of liming in south-western Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
W. K. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Test P

Soil testing was conducted during 1999–2009 to determine lime and fertiliser phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) requirements of intensively grazed, rain-fed, ryegrass dairy pastures in 48 paddocks on sand to sandy loam soils in the Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia. The study demonstrated that tissue testing was required in conjunction with soil testing to confirm decisions based on soil testing, and to assess management decisions for elements not covered by soil testing. Soil testing for pH was reliable for indicating paddocks requiring lime to ameliorate soil acidity, and to monitor progress of liming. Soil P testing proved reliable for indicating when P fertiliser applications were required, with no P being required when soil-test P was above the critical value for that soil, and when no P was applied, tissue testing indicated that P remained adequate for ryegrass production. Soil testing could not be used to determine paddocks requiring fertiliser K and S, because both elements can leach below the root-zone, with rainfall determining the extent of leaching and magnitude of the decrease in pasture production resulting from deficiency, which cannot be predicted. The solution is to apply fertiliser K and S each year, and use tissue testing to improve fertiliser K and S management. Research has shown that, for dairy and other grazing industries in the region, laboratories need measure and report every year soil pH and soil-test P only, together with measuring every 3–5 years the P-buffering index (estimating P sorption of soil), organic carbon content, and electrical conductivity.

Indicator of risk of water contamination by phosphorus from Canadian agricultural land

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. van Bochove ◽  
G. Thériault ◽  
F. Dechmi ◽  
A.N. Rousseau ◽  
R. Quilbé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Contamination ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
P Balance ◽  
Balance Factor

The indicator of risk of water contamination by phosphorus (IROWC_P) is designed to estimate where the risk of water P contamination by agriculture is high, and how this risk is changing over time based on the five-year period of data Census frequency. Firstly developed for the province of Quebec (2000), this paper presents an improved version of IROWC_P (intended to be released in 2008), which will be extended to all watersheds and Soil Landscape of Canada (SLC) polygons (scale 1:1, 000, 000) with more than 5% of agriculture. There are three objectives: (i) create a soil phosphorus saturation database for dominant and subdominant soil series of SLC polygons – the soil P saturation values are estimated by the ratio of soil test P to soil P sorption capacity; (ii) calculate an annual P balance considering crop residue P, manure P, and inorganic fertilizer P – agricultural and manure management practices will also be considered; and (iii) develop a transport-hydrology component including P transport estimation by runoff mechanisms (water balance factor, topographic index) and soil erosion, and the area connectivity to water (artificial drainage, soil macropores, and surface water bodies).

Yield benefit of phosphorus fertilizer for wheat, barley and canola in Alberta

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. McKenzie ◽  
E. Bremer ◽  
L. Kryzanowski ◽  
A. B. Middleton ◽  
E. D. Solberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Test P

Crop responsiveness to P fertilizers on the Canadian Prairies has likely declined during the past three to four decades due to regular application of P fertilizer and reduced tillage. Its relationship to extractable soil P as determined by various soil tests may also have changed. The objective of this study was to evaluate five soil test P methods for three major crops across a wide range of soil types and environmental conditions. Small-plot P fertilizer trials were conducted at 154 locations across Alberta from 1991 through 1993. At each location, fertilizer responses were determined for one, two, or three crops: barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or canola (Brassica napus L.). Fertilizer treatments consisted of seed-placed monoammonium phosphate at rates of 0, 6.5, 13.1 and 19.6 kg P ha-1. The average increase in seed yield due to application of P fertilizer was 10%, with little difference among crop types. Relative yield increases were significantly greater in Gray soils (Dark Gray Chernozemics, Dark Gray-Gray Luvisols) than in Black (Black Chernozemics) or Brown soi ls (Brown and Dark Brown Chernozemics). The maximum variation in P fertilizer response accounted for by any soil test P was 27% for barley, 15% for wheat and 7% for canola. The Kelowna method and its derivatives generally provided the best fit with P fertilizer response. Only a modest increase in the proportion of variation that could be accounted for by soil test was achieved by multiple regressions with soil pH, clay or organic matter or by separate analyses of different soil types or years. The probability of a profitable yield response due to P fertilizer application did decline with increasing soil test P. However, profitable yield responses were frequent at all levels of soil test P for the first increment of 6.5 kg P ha-1 and low at all levels of soil test P for the third increment of 6.5 kg P ha-1 (19.6 kg P ha-1). The poor relationship of soil test P to fertilizer response was attributed to frequent but variable starter effects of P fertilizer and the infrequent occurrence of highly responsive sites. Key words: Soil testing, Olsen, Bray, Kelowna, fertilizer response functions, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus

How Can Soil P Balance Influence Soil Test P? A case study from the Argentinian Pampas

2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-13
Author(s):  
Florencia Sucunza ◽  
Flavio Gutiérrez Boem ◽  
Fernando García ◽  
Miguel Boxler ◽  
Gerardo Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
P Balance ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Single Response ◽  
The Impact ◽  
P Fertilizers

Data from long-term crop rotation study sites were combined to evaluate the effect of long-term application (and omission) of P fertilizers. The impact of maintaining either a negative or positive P balances on soil test P at five distinct sites was described by single response functions despite a range of differences in soil properties.

Yield response of barley and rapeseed to P fertilizer: Influence of soil test P level and method of placement

1993 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Malhi ◽  
M. Nyborg ◽  
D. C. Penney ◽  
L. Kryzanowski ◽  
J. A. Robertson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Method Of Placement

Effect of soil temperature and moisture on soil test P with different extractants

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyu Song ◽  
Xingyi Zhang ◽  
Xiaobing Liu ◽  
Yuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Test ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Fertilization Level ◽  
Bray 1 ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Song, C., Zhang, X., Liu, X. and Chen, Y. 2012. Effect of soil temperature and moisture on soil test P with different extractants. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 537–542. Temperature and moisture are important factors affecting adsorption, transformation and the availability of soil phosphorus (P) to plants. The different temperatures and moisture contents at which soil is sampled might affect the results of soil test P (STP). In order to evaluate the effect of the temperature and moisture, as well as the fertilization level, on the results of soil test P, an incubation study involving three soil temperatures (5, 10, and 20°C), and three soil moisture contents (50, 70, 90% of field water-holding capacity) was conducted with Chinese Mollisols collected from four fertilization treatments in a long-term experiment in northeast China. Four soil P test methods, Mehlich 3, Morgan, Olsen and Bray 1 were used to determine STP after a 42-d incubation. The effect of temperature and moisture on STP varied among soil P tests. Averaged across the four fertilization treatments, the temperature had significant impact on STP, while the responses varied among soil P test methods. Mehlich 3, Morgan and Bray 1 STP decreased and Olsen STP increased with increase in temperature. Effect of soil moisture was only significant for Mehlich 3 P and Olsen P. Soil temperature had greater impact on STP than soil moisture content. The responses of the Olsen method to temperature differed from the other three methods tested. The interaction between soil temperature and soil moisture on soil test P was only significant for Mehlich 3 P. Fertilization level does not affect the STP in as a clear pattern as the temperature and moisture varied for all four methods. Consistent soil sampling conditions, especially the soil temperature, appear to be the first step to achieve a reliable STP for any soil P test.

scholarly journals Tomato Yield and Fruit Size Did Not Respond to P Fertilization of a Sandy Soil Testing Very High in Mehlich-1 P

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Hochmuth ◽  
Osmar Carrijo ◽  
Ken Shuler
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Application ◽  
Very High

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was grown in southeastern Florida on sandy soils that tested very high in Mehlich-1 P to evaluate the yield response to P fertilization. One location was used in 1995–96, another in 1996–97. Prefertilization soil samples contained 290 (location 1) and 63 (location 2) mg·kg–1 Mehlich-1 P. Both soil test results were interpreted as very high in P, and P fertilizer was not recommended for the crop. Fertilizer treatments at both sites were 0, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg·ha–1 P. Neither total marketable yield nor yield in any fruit size category was affected by P fertilization in either season. Amounts of cull (undersized or misshapened) fruits increased quadratically with P fertilization in the second season. Whole-leaf P concentrations increased linearly or quadratically with P application, depending on sample periods, and were always above sufficiency values. Although many tomato growers apply P fertilizer irrespective of soil test recommendations, our results showed that added P was not needed on soils testing very high in P. Furthermore, withholding P applications to soils with high P concentrations will minimize potential P pollution of surface water and groundwater.

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