Effect of Container Color on Substrate Temperatures and Growth of Red Maple and Redbud

Heat stress is problematic to root growth in the production of containerized nursery plants. Container color may moderate effects of solar radiation on substrate temperatures. Studies were conducted near Manhattan, KS, to evaluate effects of container color on growth of roots and shoots in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis L.). Four treatments among studies included containers colored flat and gloss white, silver, and black; a green container color treatment was added to the tree studies. Plants were grown in bark-based soil-less substrate and temperatures were measured at 5-cm depths in the south sides and centers. After 4 months, plant variables were measured. Roots were separated into three sections: core, north, and south. In the bean study, substrate temperatures at the south side of the container averaged lowest in flat and gloss white (≈36 °C) and greatest in black containers (50.3 °C). Root density at the south side was reduced in beans by 63% to 71% in black compared with flat and gloss white. In heat-sensitive maples, substrate temperatures at the south side of containers averaged up to 7.7 °C greater in black and green than in other treatments. Substrate temperatures in the center averaged 3.5 to 3.8 °C greater in black than in flat and gloss white, resulting in up to 2.5 times greater root density in flat and gloss white than in black containers. In heat-tolerant redbuds, the effects of container color on whole-plant growth were less evident. Data suggest that heat-sensitive plants benefit from being grown in white containers or painting outer surfaces of green and black containers white.

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Variation in Leaf Nutrient Concentrations of Freeman Maple Resulting from Canopy Position, Leaf Age, and Petiole Inclusion

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.45.3.428 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 428-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michael V. Mickelbart

Keyword(s):

Leaf Age ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Red Maple ◽

The South ◽

Nutrient Analysis ◽

South Side ◽

Late Season ◽

The North ◽

Canopy Position ◽

Leaf Nutrient Concentrations

Consistent evaluation of nursery crop nutrient status within and among plots and years requires careful consideration of leaf collection practices. The objectives of this study were to determine the differences and variability among leaf age and cardinal position within the tree. Another objective was to determine if petioles should be included in leaf samples. Leaves were collected from seven trees of the Freeman maple (red–silver maple hybrid) Celebration® (Acer ×freemanii) from two leaf ages (early- and late-season leaves) and four positions (north, south, east, and west). On the south side of each tree, samples were separated into lamina, petiole, or lamina + petiole samples. Leaf traits were not different among positions, except that leaves on the north side of the tree had a lower specific leaf weight (SLW). Leaf nitrogen (N) was slightly lower on the north and west sides of the tree and leaf calcium (Ca) was highest on the south side of the tree, but otherwise position (i.e., side of the tree) had very little effect on leaf nutrient concentrations. Older leaves (leaves produced early in the season) were darker green and had a higher leaf area, longer petiole length, and lower SLW. Older leaves also had higher concentrations (on a mass basis) of all nutrients analyzed. Petiole concentrations of Ca, magnesium, and manganese were higher than lamina concentrations, whereas concentrations of N, sulfur, iron, zinc, boron, copper, and aluminum were all higher in the lamina. These differences, however, did not affect nutrient analyses conducted on samples consisting of lamina + petiole or lamina only. Variation within samples was lowest on the east and south sides for macro- and micronutrients, respectively, in late-season leaves. Based on the relative variation within samples, samples for nutrient analysis of red maple and red maple hybrids should consist of leaves collected from the southeast side of the tree and can consist of samples with or without petioles attached to the lamina.

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Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Pot-in-Pot Red and Sugar Maple

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-17.2.80 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 80-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Roger Harris ◽

Jody Fanelli

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Shoot Elongation ◽

Red Maple ◽

Sugar Maples ◽

Root And Shoot Growth ◽

Second Year ◽

Substrate Temperatures

Abstract Red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. ‘Green Mountain’) trees were grown in a 56 liter (15 gal) pot-in-pot system for two years. During the second year of production, root growth was observed through observation plates fitted into the container sidewalls, and shoot extension was periodically measured. Root growth began in early March, approximately one month before budbreak for both species. Root growth dramatically slowed down at the onset of budbreak, but quickly resumed and was concurrent with shoot elongation. Root growth slowed dramatically in the fall when substrate temperatures dropped to 5–7C (40–45F). Root growth stopped during the winter for red maple, but some nominal root growth continued throughout the winter for sugar maple. Red maples had over 5 times more total root length against observation plates at the end of the experiment than sugar maples.

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How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 85-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Bernard W. Sweeney ◽

Stephen J. Czapka ◽

L. Carol A. Petrow

Keyword(s):

Acer Rubrum ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Green Ash ◽

Red Maple ◽

Test Species ◽

Tree Shelters ◽

Seedling Survivorship ◽

Cercis Canadensis ◽

Method Of Planting ◽

Planting Method

Abstract The success of upland and riparian afforestation depends on landowners making informed decisions about key factors such as the quality of seedlings (species, size, and root stock), planting technique, site preparation, weed and herbivore control, and planting pattern for the plantation. We show here that the short-term (1 year) and longer-term (3 year) effects on seedling survivorship and growth due to planting technique (dibble-bar versus auger) did not differ significantly for the five test species (red maple [Acer rubrum L.], eastern redbud [Cercis canadensis L.], green ash [Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh], sweetbay magnolia [Magnolia virginiana L.], and sweet gum [Liquidambar styraciflua L.]). Weed treatment (tree mats, initial herbiciding, and annual herbiciding) also failed to significantly increase seedling survivorship or growth, a result hypothesized to be caused by high moisture and nutrient content of soils on the site. In contrast, tree shelters significantly increased seedling survivorship and growth after 1 and 3 years. For some species, 3-year survivorship was up to fivefold higher with shelters. Long-term weed control increased survivorship of sheltered seedlings but decreased survivorship for those without shelters because of increased exposure to deer. For this site, successful afforestation depends more on protecting seedlings from herbivory with tree shelters than on either the method of planting or the method of controlling weeds.

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(142) Hydraulic Resistance: A Determinant of Short-term Stomatal Conductance Signaling in Disparate Xylem Anatomy of Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.) and Shumard Oak (Quercus shumardii Buckl.)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1058a ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 1058A-1058

Author(s):

William W. Inman ◽

William L. Bauerle

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Hydraulic Resistance ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Xylem Anatomy ◽

Red Maple ◽

Short Term ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Substrate Moisture ◽

Quercus Shumardii

Recent work has shown that stomatal conductance (gs) and net photosynthesis (Anet) are responsive to the hydraulic conductance of the soil to leaf pathway (Xp). Two tree species with differing xylem structures were used to study the effect of systematic manipulations in Xp that elevated xylem hydraulic resistance. Simultaneous measures of gs, Anet, bulk leaf abscisic acid concentration (ABAL), leaf water potential (L), and whole plant transpiration (Ew) were taken under controlled environment conditions. Quercus shumardii Buckl. (shumard oak), a ring porous species and Acer rubrum L. `Summer Red' (red maple), a diffuse porous species, were studied to investigate the short-term hydraulic and chemical messenger response to drought. Both species decreased Anet, gs, L, and Ew in response to an immediate substrate moisture alteration. Relative to initial well-watered values, red maple Anet, gs, and Ew declined more than shumard oak. However, gs and Anet vs. whole-plant leaf specific hydraulic resistance was greater in shumard oak. In addition, the larger hydraulic resistance in shumard oak was attributed to higher shoot, as opposed to root, system resistance. The results indicate hydraulic resistance differences that may be attributed to the disparate xylem anatomy between the two species. This study also provides evidence to support the short-term hydraulic signal negative feedback link hypothesis between gs and the cavitation threshold, as opposed to chemical signaling via rapid accumulation from root-synthesized ABA.

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On ulug oglum agrïp yok bolča in the Bilgä Kagan Inscription

Acta Orientalia ◽

10.1556/062.2020.00027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 539-550

Author(s):

Li Yong-Sŏng ◽

Park Won Kil

Keyword(s):

The South ◽

South Side

AbstractThis paper attempts to give new explanation for the expression agrïp yok bol- occurring in 9th line of the south side of the Bilgä Kagan Inscription. After a thorough survey of former research and several Chinese sources, the authors came to the conclusion that this expression must be a euphemistic expression for being beheaded in a battle. The authors found also that kog säŋün was Guo Yingjie 郭英傑. In sum, the sentence in question is to be read as ulug oglum agrïp yok bolča kog säŋünüg balbal tikä bertim ‘When my oldest son died of a disease, I readily erected General Kog as a balbal (for him).’ The expression agrïp yok bol- is to be regarded as a euphemistic expression for being beheaded in a battle.

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