Evaluation of Water Suitability for Sustainable Seaweed (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) Cultivation to Support Science Technopark in North Kalimantan

Tarakan dry seaweed production increased during 2012-2018 for the cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii with the longline planting method. This study aims to assess the quality of the waters and their suitability for seaweed cultivation on the coast of Tarakan Island. The environmental parameters of water quality measured were chlorophyll-a, water temperature, salinity, pH, DO, TDS, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, water depth, current velocity, protection, research location, and distance between settlements. The study was conducted with in-situ and ex-situ measurements based on APHA (2012). Water samples were taken using the multi-parameter Horiba U51. chlorophyll-a was analyzed using spectrophotometric methods, nitrate levels were analyzed using SNI 06-6989.79-2011, while phosphates were analyzed using SNI 06-6989.31-2005. The suitability of the waters is divided into 4 classes, S1 (very suitable), S2 (suitable), S3 (marginally suitable), and N (not suitable). The results showed that the coast of Tarakan Island has 3 categories, namely marginally suitable (S3) 13.20%, suitable (S2) 86.50%, and very suitable (S1) 0.30%. The existing condition of the coastal waters of Tarakan Island supports the cultivation of K. alvarezii seaweed. Tarakan Island coastal existing condition as an areal support seaweed cultivation K. alvarezii with the potential to be developed land area of 33896.73 ha.

Persepsi Petani Terhadap Metode Tanam Dan Tingkat Keberhasilan Usaha Tani Padi Di Desa Rajang Kecamatan Lembang Kabupaten Pinrang

Penelitian ini bertujuan 1) Untuk mengetahui bagaimana persepsi petani terhadap metode tanam di Desa Rajang Kecamatan Lembang Kabupaten Pinrang 2) Untuk mengetahui bagaimana tingkat keberhasilan usahatani padi di Desa Rajang Kecamatan Lembang Kabupaten Pinrang penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan september sampai oktober. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah statistik des Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu teknik observasi, wawancara dan kuisioner dan sumber data yang digunakan yaitu data primer dan data sekunder. Analisis data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah statsitik deskriptif dan skala likert. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persepsi petani terhadap metode tanam jajar legowo dan tingkat keberhasilan usahatani padi diperoleh nilai 1.172 berada pada kategori (sangat tinggi) dikarenakan indikator pertanyaan yang diajukan yaitu meningkatkan hasil produktivitas mendapatkan respon yang sangat baik/ sangat setuju, sedangkan persepsi petani terhadap metode tanam tradisional memperoleh nilai 885 berada pada kategori ( tinggi) hal ini menunjukkan bahwa persepsi petani terhadap metode tanam tradisional tergolong tidak cukup baik dibandingkan dengan metode tanam jajar legowo yang di anggap memberikan banyak keuntungan dan meningkatkan hasil produksi. This study aims 1) To find out how farmers perception of planting methods in the village of Rajang Lembang District Pinrang 2) To know how the success rate of rice farming in the village of Rajang Lembang District Pinrang this research was conducted in September to October. Data collection techniques used in this study are statistics des Methods used in this study, namely observation techniques, interviews and questionnaires and data sources used i.e. primary data and secondary data. The data analysis used in this study is descriptive statistics and the Likert scale. The results showed that farmers' perception of legowo row planting method and the success rate of rice farming obtained a value of 1,172 is in the category (very high) because the indicators of the question asked are improving productivity results get a very good response / strongly agree, while the perception of farmers to traditional planting methods obtained a value of 885 is in the category ( high) this indicates that the perception of farmers to traditional planting methods is not good enough compared to the method of planting legowo row which is considered to provide a lot of advantages and increase the yield of production.

Combined Application of Compost, Zeolite and a Raised Bed Planting Method Alleviate Salinity Stress and Improve Cereal Crop Productivity in Arid Regions

Soil salinity and climate change have a negative impact on global food production and security, especially in arid regions with limited water resources. Despite the importance of planting methods, irrigation, and soil amendments in improving crop yield, their combined impact on saline soil properties and cereal crop yield is unknown. Therefore, the current study investigated the combined effect of soil amendments (i.e., compost, C and zeolite, Z) and planting methods such as raised bed (M1) and conventional (M2), and different fractions of leaching requirements from irrigation water, such as 5% (L1) and 10% (L2), on the soil physio-chemical properties and wheat and maize productivity in an arid region. The combined application of C + Z, L2, and M1 decreased soil salinity (EC) and sodicity (ESP) after wheat production by 37.4 and 28.0%, respectively, and significantly decreased by these factors by 41.0 and 43.0% after a maize growing season. Accordingly, wheat and maize yield increased by 16.0% and 35.0%, respectively under such a combination of treatments, when compared to crops grown on unamended soil, irrigated with lower leaching fraction and planted using conventional methods. This demonstrates the significance of using a combination of organic and inorganic amendments, appropriate leaching requirements and the raised bed planting method as an environmentally friendly approach to reclaiming saline soils and improving cereal crop production, which is required for global food security.

Network Analysis of Different Exogenous Hormones on the Regulation of Deep Sowing Tolerance in Maize Seedlings

The planting method of deep sowing can make the seeds make full use of water in deep soil, which is considered to be an effective way to respond to drought stress. However, deep sowing will affect the growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.) at seedling stage. To better understand the response of maize to deep sowing stress and the mechanism of exogenous hormones [Gibberellin (GA3), Brassinolide (BR), Strigolactone (SL)] alleviates the damaging effects of deep-sowing stress, the physiological and transcriptome expression profiles of seedlings of deep sowing sensitive inbred line Zi330 and the deep-tolerant inbred line Qi319 were compared under deep sowing stress and the conditions of exogenous hormones alleviates stress. The results showed that mesocotyl elongated significantly after both deep sowing stress and application of exogenous hormones, and its elongation was mainly through elongation and expansion of cell volume. Hormone assays revealed no significant changes in zeatin (ZT) content of the mesocotyl after deep sowing and exogenous hormone application. The endogenous GA3 and auxin (IAA) contents in the mesocotyl of the two inbred lines increased significantly after the addition of exogenous GA3, BR, and SL under deep sowing stress compared to deep sowing stress, while BR and SL decreased significantly. Transcriptome analysis showed that the deep seeding stress was alleviated by GA3, BR, and SLs, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) mainly included cellulose synthase, expansin and glucanase, oxidase, lignin biosynthesis genes and so on. We also found that protein phosphatase 2C and GA receptor GID1 enhanced the ability of resist deep seeding stress in maize by participating in the abscisic acid (ABA) and the GA signaling pathway, respectively. In addition, we identified two gene modules that were significantly related to mesocotyl elongation, and identified some hub genes that were significantly related to mesocotyl elongation by WGCNA analysis. These genes were mainly involved in transcription regulation, hydrolase activity, protein binding and plasma membrane. Our results from this study may provide theoretical basis for determining the maize deep seeding tolerance and the mechanism by which exogenous hormones regulates deep seeding tolerance.

Project to Establish Growth & Mortality Rates of Three Carex Species in Two Planting Types at Thomas Dairy Site, Tigard, Oregon

Clean Water Services (CWS) currently increases the diversity of their wetland restoration projects using a plug planting method utilizing juvenile herbaceous plants. They have planted most of their projects using this method and plan to continue until a better one is discovered. According to the literature reviewed in this paper, juvenile plants are smaller and weaker than more mature plants and therefore have higher mortality rates. This paper is the culmination of work completed of phase 1 of this two-phase project. The objective of this project (both phases) was to design and establish a study that would test, in the field, two common wetland planting methods: installation of plugs of juvenile plants at a relatively high density and installation of containerized, more mature plants at a lower density. This study will examine three species of Carex frequently used in wetland restoration (Carex stipata, C. obnupta, and C. unilateralis) and compare the growth and mortality of mature versus juveniles of these species within Thomas Dairy Site in the Tualatin River Watershed. For phase 2, at Thomas Dairy Site, 13 randomly selected plots will each containing six subplots including a subplot planted with monocultures of each of the three plants, and two sizes (i.e., mature C. stipata, juvenile C. stipata, mature C. obnupta, juvenile C. obnupta, mature C. unilateralis, and juvenile C. unilateralis). These will be monitored for five years, during which mortality rates will be recorded once a year and total percent cover recorded three times a year. I hypothesize that the mature plants will have a higher percent cover after five years because juvenile plants are more susceptible to die over that timeframe and may have slower growth rates overall. Answering these questions will allow CWS and other wetland restoration managers to achieve greater plant coverage, reduce waste, and reduce costs.

Long-term response planting method on wheat under conservation agriculture

Objective: To compare different bed planting systems: narrow beds (80 cm), wide beds (100 cm), and flat soil, on the growth and yield of wheat under conservation system. Design/methodology/approach: Treatments were established on a complete block design with three replicates; also, wheat crop was grown during five seasons. Treatments were as follow: A) wide beds (furrows at 100 cm), B) narrow beds (furrows at 80 cm) and C) flat soil. Response variables were dry weight of 50 stems, weight of 1000 grains, number of spikes (m2), harvest index and yield. Also, the relationship between relative yield and cold units and degree-days were measured. Results: Flat soil reach the highest dry weight of 50 stems, whereas narrow beds had the maximum number of spikes per m2. Yield was equal between flat soil and narrow beds. No differences were found in the harvest index (HI) among the evaluated treatments. When comparing results between years, dry weight of 50 stems increased and the HI index decreased, affecting negatively the yield. A negative association was found between chill hours and yield. Findings/conclusions: Despite yield was equal between flat soil and narrow beds, reduction on yields was mainly associated with of reduction in chill hours occurring in each season.

Review on Effects of Sowing Methods and Types of Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth Yield and Yield Component of TEFF [Eragrostis TEF (ZUCC.)

Most farmers’ practices broadcast sowing methods and productivity is less. Soil fertility maintenance is a major concern in tropical Africa which needs to tackle soil fertility depletion as a fundamental constraint. Similarly, the traditional way of planting tef reduces the amount of grain production, promotes competition for inputs, and causes severe lodging. This paper aimed to review the interaction effects between seed sowing methods and different types of inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of teff. In Ethiopia, recent research indicates planting method (row planting and broadcasting) affects the yield and yield components of teff. The review indicates the yield components include heading and maturity, plant height, first growth rate, number of tiller and panicle, thousand seed weight, grain, straw, and total biomass yields and harvest index high in Method of Row sowing compared to broadcast in Ethiopia but Days to emergence and panicle length were more affected by broadcasting. In economical acceptance, Row sowing was found to be economically acceptable with more income from grain yield than broadcasting.

Influence of Planting Method and Nitrogen Dose on Growth and Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa Willd.)

The experiment was conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during Rabi season 2018-19 to find out the influence of planting methods and nitrogen dose on growth and yield of Quinoa-a highly nutritious super food newly introduced in Bangladesh. The experiment was laid out in a Split-plot design with 3 replications. Two planting methods viz., i) seed sowing (M1) and ii) seedling planting (M2) in the main plot and eight nitrogen doses viz., i) Control (F1), ii) 50 kg N ha-1 (F2), iii) 100 kg N ha-1 (F3), iv) 150 kg N ha-1 (F4), v) 180 kg N ha-1 (F5), vi) 200 kg N ha-1 (F6), vii) 220 kg N ha-1 (F7) and ix) 250 kg N ha-1 (F8) in the sub-plot were assigned. Almost all the studied characters were found statistically significant due to variation in treatments. The higher plant height, leaf number plant-1, branch number plant-1 and inflorescence height were observed in seedling transplantation than seeds sowing. Increment of nitrogen doses increased the plant height, leaves number plant-1, branch number plant-1, inflorescence height and SPAD value up to 150-200 kg N ha-1 and then decreased. Higher doses of nitrogenous fertilizer application increased the grain weight. Planting seedling with 150 kg N ha-1 showed the highest seed yield (1227.43 kg ha-1) which was similar to 180 kg N ha-. Cultivation of quinoa with 25 days old seedlings and 150 kg N ha-1 gave 206.77% higher yield compared to that of control and it was 64.71% higher in case of seeds sowing with similar nitrogen dose. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2021, 24(1): 83-92

Brussels sprouts seeds growing without mother plants transplanting in the conditions of the Moscow region

В течение 2019–2021 годов на опытно-производственной базе ФГБНУ ВНИИФ в Московской области (Одинцовский городской округ) выращивали растения капусты брюссельской сорта Геркулес 1342 для получения семян в беспересадочной культуре без применения химически синтезированных препаратов защиты растений и агрохимикатов. Беспересадочный способ позволил вырастить семена капусты брюссельской исключив основные, наиболее затратные и трудоемкие агротехнические мероприятия: отбор и уборка с поля маточных растений с корневой системой, перевозка в хранилище и хранение маточников при соблюдении режима хранения, зачистка маточников и весенняя подготовка к высадке, высадка маточников в открытый грунт. После высадки в поле и приживания маточных растений потери могут достигать 50%. В беспересадочной культуре сохранность семенных растений после перезимовки составляла 80%, а семенная продуктивность достигала 23 г с одного растения, при лабораторной всхожести – 98%, что значительно превосходит контрольный вариант – выращивание семян в пересадочной культуре. Растения, выращенные из семян, полученных в беспересадочной культуре, склонности к преждевременному цветению не проявляли и формировали нормальные, по морфологическим признакам, продуктивные растения. Семенные растения капусты брюссельской сорта Геркулес 1342 успешно переживали в открытом грунте без укрытия как малоснежную зиму 2020 года, так и зиму 2021 года с достаточно высоким снежным покровом – до 55 см. При этом растения имели незначительные повреждения не от мороза, а от мышей. В отличие от маточных растений, высаживаемых в открытый грунт, после зимнего хранения, маточные растения, выращенные в беспересадочной культуре, не имели повреждения точек роста вследствие солнечных ожогов. Таким образом сохранялось наиболее продуктивное первое цветение. During 2019–2021, Brussels sprouts of the Hercules 1342 cultivar were grown at the experimental production base of the FSBSI VNIIF in the Moscow region, Odintsovo District in order to obtain seeds in a non-planting culture without the use of chemically synthesized plant protection preparations and agrochemicals. The non-planting method made it possible to grow Brussels sprouts seeds by eliminating the main, most expensive and time-consuming agrotechnical measures: selection and cleaning of mother plants with a root system from the field, transportation to the storage and storage of mother plants while observing the storage regime, cleaning of mother plants and spring preparation for planting, planting in the open ground. After planting in the field and taking root of the mother plants, losses can reach 50%. In a seedless culture, the safety of seed plants after overwintering was 80%, and the seed productivity reached 23 grams per plant, with laboratory germination – 98%, which significantly exceeds the control variant: growing seeds in a transplant culture. Plants grown from seeds obtained in a non-planting culture did not show a tendency to premature flowering and formed normal ones. According to morphological characteristics, productive plants. Seed plants of Brussels sprouts of the Hercules 1342 cultivar successfully survived both the low – snow winter of 2020 and the winter of 2021 with a sufficiently high snow cover-up to 55 cm in the open ground without shelter. At the same time, the plants had minor damage not from frost, but from mice. Unlike the mother plants planted in the open ground, after winter storage, the mother plants grown in a non-planting culture did not have damage to the growth points due to sunburn. Thus, the most productive first flowering was preserved.