scholarly journals History of the Origin and Dispersal of White Pine Blister Rust

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim E. Hummer
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North American ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Ural Mountains ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
The North ◽  
Canadian Provinces

The center of diversity for white pine blister rust (WPBR) (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer) most likely stretches from central Siberia east of the Ural Mountains to Asia, possibly bounded by the Himalayas to the south. The alternate hosts for WPBR, Asian five-needled pines (Pinus L.) and Ribes L. native to that region have developed WPBR resistance. Because the dispersal of C. ribicola to Europe and North America occurred within the last several hundred years, the North American five-needled white pines, Pinus subsections, Strobus and Parya, had no previous selection pressure to develop resistance. Establishment of WPBR in North American resulted when plants were transported both ways across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1705, Lord Weymouth had white pine (P. strobis L.), also called weymouth pine in Europe, seed and seedlings brought to England. These trees were planted throughout eastern Europe. In the mid-1800s, WPBR outbreaks were reported in Ribes and then in white pines in eastern Europe. The pathogen may have been brought to Europe on an infected pine from Russia. In the late 1800s American nurserymen, unaware of the European rust incidence, imported many infected white pine seedlings from France and Germany for reforestation efforts. By 1914, rust-infected white pine nursery stock was imported into Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Wisconsin, and in the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. The range of WPBR is established in eastern North America and the Pacific Northwest. New infection sites in Nevada, South Dakota, New Mexico and Colorado have been observed during the 1990s.

North American rainfall patterns during past warm states: A proxy network-model comparison for the Last Interglacial and the mid-Holocene

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron de Wet ◽  
Jessica Oster ◽  
Daniel Ibarra ◽  
Bryce Belanger
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
North American ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
The North ◽  
Driving Mechanisms ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Rainfall Patterns

<p>The Last Interglacial (LIG) period (~129,000–116,000 years BP) and the mid-Holocene (MH) (~6,000 years BP) are the two most recent intervals with temperatures comparable to low emissions scenarios for the end of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. During the LIG and the MH differences in the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of insolation led to enhanced northern hemisphere high-latitude warmth relative to the pre-industrial, despite similar greenhouse gas concentrations, marking these intervals as potentially useful analogs for future change in regions like North America. Further, the inclusion of both LIG (127 ka) and MH (6 ka) experiments in the CMIP6-PMIP4 effort provides an opportunity to better understand the regional hydroclimate responses to radiative forcing during these two intervals. The dense coverage of paleoclimate proxy records for North America during the MH (N=260 sites) reveals a pattern of relative aridity in the Pacific Northwest and Western Canada and wetness in the southern Great Basin and Mexico. However, the seasonality and driving mechanisms of rainfall patterns across the continent remain poorly understood. Our understanding of terrestrial hydroclimate in North America during the LIG is more limited (N=39 sites), largely because the LIG is beyond the range of radiocarbon dating.</p><p>Here we present spatial comparisons between output from 14 PMIP4 global circulation models and LIG and MH networks of moisture-sensitive proxies compiled for the North American continent. We utilize two statistical measures of agreement – weighted Cohen’s Kappa and Gwet’s AC2 – to assess the degree of categorical agreement between moisture patterns produced by the models and the proxy networks for each time-slice. PMIP4 models produce variable precipitation anomalies relative to the pre-industrial for both the LIG and MH experiments, often disagreeing on both the sign and magnitude of precipitation changes across much of North America. The models showing the best agreement with the proxy network are similar but not identical for the two measures, with Gwet’s AC2 values tending to be larger than Cohen’s Kappa values for all models. This pattern is enhanced for the much larger MH proxy network and is likely related to the fact that Gwet’s AC2 is a more predictable statistic in the presence of high agreement. Overall agreement is lower for the mid-Holocene than for the LIG, reflecting smaller MH rainfall anomalies in the models. The models with the highest agreement scores during the LIG produce aridity in the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest and wetness in Alaska, the Yukon, the Great Basin, and parts of the Mid-West and Eastern US, although spatial coverage of the proxies in these latter two regions is poor. The models with the highest agreement score for the mid-Holocene tend to produce aridity across Canada and the northern US with dry conditions extending down the US Pacific coast and increased wetness in the American Southeast and across the North American Monsoon region. Our analyses help elucidate the driving mechanisms of rainfall patterns during past warm states and can inform which models may be the most useful for predictions of near-future hydroclimate change across North America.</p>

scholarly journals Genetic Specificity in the White Pine-Blister Rust Pathosystem

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch ◽  
Gayle E. Dupper
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mendelian Segregation ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Bristlecone Pine

Four of eight white pine species native to western North America surveyed for resistance to white pine blister rust by artificial inoculation showed classical hypersensitive reactions (HR) at frequencies ranging from very low to moderate. Mendelian segregation, indicating a single dominant allele for resistance (Cr3), was observed in southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis), as it was previously in sugar pine (P. lambertiana, Cr1) and western white pine (P. monticola, Cr2). HR was present at a relatively high frequency (19%) in one of five bulk seed lot sources of limber pine (P. flexilis), and was also presumed to be conditioned by a single gene locus, by analogy with the other three species. HR was not found in whitebark pine (P. albcaulis), Mexican white pine (P. ayacahuite), foxtail pine (P. balfouriana), or Great Basin bristlecone pine (P. longaeva), but population and sample sizes in these species may have been below the level of detection of alleles in low frequency. When challenged by (haploid) inocula from specific locations known to harbor virulence to Cr1 or Cr2, genotypes carrying these alleles and Cr3 reacted differentially, such that inoculum virulent to Cr1 was avirulent to Cr2, and inoculum virulent to Cr2 was avirulent to Cr1. Neither of these two inocula was capable of neutralizing Cr3. Although blister rust traditionally is considered an exotic disease in North America, these results, typical of classic gene-for-gene interactions, suggest that genetic memory of similar encounters in past epochs has been retained in this pathosystem.

scholarly journals White Pine Blister Rust in British Columbia III. Effects on the Gene Pool of Western White Pine

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Hunt ◽  
J. F. Manville ◽  
E. von Rudloff ◽  
M. S. Lapp
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Western White Pine

Cluster analyses of relative terpene abundance in foliage of western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) trees from throughout the Pacific Northwest geographic range of the species were produced. Terpene patterns were randomly distributed among populations; no geographic or site trends were evident. Although blister rust is devastating to stands, the gene pool is widely distributed and may well be preserved without establishing gene banks.About 40-50 trees selected at random would yield offspring with nearly all possible terpene patterns characteristic of the species and would thus constitute a broad genetic base. Therefore seed orchards do not necessarily need to be composed of many individuals, rather, they should contain highly selected individuals with multiple desirable traits including multiple blister rust resistance mechanisms. Key words: terpenes, dendrogram

White Pine Blister Rust

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otis C. Maloy
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Disease Cycle ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Pine Stands

White pine blister rust is probably the most destructive disease of five-needle (white) pines in North America. The rust fungus cannot spread from pine to pine but requires an alternate host, Ribes species, to complete the disease cycle. Several management tools might enable the reestablishment of western white pine stands. Accepted for publication 20 September 2001. Published 24 September 2001.

Assessing host specialization among aecial and telial hosts of the white pine blister rust fungus, Cronartium ribicola

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryce A. Richardson ◽  
Paul J. Zambino ◽  
Ned B. Klopfenstein ◽  
Geral I. McDonald ◽  
Lori M. Carris
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Cronartium Ribicola ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Host Association ◽  
Geographic Population ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity

The white-pine blister rust fungus, Cronartium ribicola Fisch. in Rabenh., continues to spread in North America, utilizing various aecial (primary) and telial (alternate) hosts, some of which have only recently been discovered. This introduced pathogen has been characterized as having low genetic diversity in North America, yet it has demonstrated a capacity to invade diverse environments. The recent discovery of this rust fungus on the telial host Pedicularis racemosa Dougl. ex Benth., raises questions of whether this host association represents a recent acquisition by C. ribicola or a long-standing host association that was overlooked. Here we explore two questions: (i) is host specialization detectable at a local scale and (ii) is the capacity to infect Pedicularis racemosa local or widespread? Genetic analysis of C. ribicola isolates from different aecial and telial hosts provided no evidence for genetic differentiation and showed similar levels of expected heterozygosity within a geographic population. An inoculation test showed that diverse C. ribicola sources from across North America had the capacity to infect Pedicularis racemosa. These results support a hypothesis that ability to infect Pedicularis racemosa is common in C. ribicola from North America. Utilization of Pedicularis racemosa by C. ribicola may be dependent on the co-occurrence of this host, inoculum, and favorable environments.

White pine blister rust in Korea, Japan and other Asian regions: comparisons and implications for North America

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 382-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-S. Kim ◽  
N. B. Klopfenstein ◽  
Y. Ota ◽  
S. K. Lee ◽  
K.-S. Woo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust

scholarly journals White Pine Blister Rust in the Greater Yellowstone Area

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
Maria Newcomb ◽  
Diana Six
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Greater Yellowstone Area ◽  
Greater Yellowstone

White pine blister rust is a disease caused by an introduced fungal pathogen (Cronartium ribicola). The disease system is a complex cross-Kingdom interaction between three groups of organisms (white pines, Ribes, and a fungal pathogen). The pathogen alternates between white pine hosts (subgenus Strobus) where it persists as a perennial and often lethal infection, and currant and goosebeny hosts (members of the genus Ribes) where it infects the deciduous leaves and results in relatively minor impacts. In many areas of North America white pines are severely threatened by the disease, which is often recognized as the most devastating disease of conifers (Klinkowski 1970). Since the early 1900s when the pathogen first arrived in North America, forest managers have been challenged by the difficulties of blister rust control and predictions of damage and spread. Recent control efforts have focused on developing rust-resistant white pines (Maloy 1997). Advances in molecular techniques have led to a rapid increase in our understanding of pathogen virulence and plant disease resistance. Thus thorough research on white pine blister rust will encompass a combination of investigations of small parts of the system, including molecular descriptions of individual members and controlled-environment studies of simplified interactions, and ecological investigations of infection patterns in real-world forest conditions (where all the parts are interacting simultaneously). This study is a field investigation of white pine blister rust in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA).

scholarly journals North American Fire Weather Catalyzed by the Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob John Stuivenvolt Allen ◽  
S.-Y. Simon Wang
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North American ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Jet Stream ◽  
Fire Weather ◽  
Weather Extremes ◽  
The North ◽  
Holistic Understanding

Abstract When tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific turn into midlatitude cyclones, it often perturbs the jet stream, resulting in amplified flow conditions in the north Pacific and various weather extremes in North America. Thus far, however, the complex impacts of extratropical transitioning cyclones (ETCs) on North American fire weather are undocumented. In this study, we group ETCs by the characteristics that are important for their interaction with the jet stream and document the response in North American fire weather, finding that ETCs are consistently associated with enhanced fire weather in North America through amplified pressure gradients and anomalous winds. While the chaotic nature of the ETC and jet stream interaction means that ETCs grouped by similar characteristics and locations can result in varying downstream responses, the composite analysis reveals some areas of consistently enhanced fire weather, including the Pacific Northwest and northern Intermountain West. At a time in which the risk and extent of wildfires in the Western United States is an issue of growing concern, this study represents the first holistic understanding of how ETCs’ downstream perturbations impact fire weather.

Eriosomatine aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Eriosomatinae) associated with moss and roots of conifer and willow in forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America

2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S. Pike ◽  
G. Graf ◽  
R.G. Foottit ◽  
H.E.L. Maw ◽  
C. von Dohlen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North American ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Sequence Matching ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
First Time

AbstractApterous adult morphs of eriosomatine aphids associated with moss (Bryophyta) and/or roots of conifer (Pinaceae) or willow (Salix Linnaeus (Salicaceae)) in forests of the North American Pacific Northwest including Alaska are described, illustrated, and keyed. In total, seven species (Clydesmithia canadensis Danielsson, Melaphis rhois (Fitch) (moss only feeder), Pachypappa rosettei (Maxson), Pachypappa sacculi (Gillette), Prociphilus americanus (Walker) (fir root only feeder), Prociphilus xylostei (De Geer), and Thecabius populimonilis (Riley)) are characterised from their secondary host habitats. Secondary host forms of C. canadensis and T. populimonilis are described for the first time. The morphotypes from the secondary hosts were confirmed through deoxyribonucleic acid sequence matching with those from the primary hosts.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document