Retronyms in uzbek language

The term retronym was first used by the American journalist Frank Mankievich. William Sapphire made the term popular through an article he wrote for the New York Times. The term was included in the interactive edition of the American Heritage Dictionary, an interactive edition, with the following comment: For example, an acoustic guitar against an electric guitar or an analog clock against an electronic clock. ”A retronym is a name derived from the first form of a concept or object. In other words, it represents a new word or phrase that has been devised to distinguish it from its related species. Major changes in the political, economic, scientific and cultural life of the country allow to increase the number of terms in the Uzbek language. This process is widely observed in all styles of literary language, especially in the scientific style and the journalistic style. Collecting them and defining their place in the lexicon is one of the current problems facing our linguistics. The article discusses retronyms and their differences from other phenomena and their place in lexicography.

Juba to Jive: A Dictionary of African-American Slang and Harryette Mullen’s Muse & Drudge

Chapter 6 considers Harryette Mullen’s Muse & Drudge (1995), based in part on Clarence Major’s Juba to Jive: A Dictionary of African-American Slang and the American Heritage Dictionary, in the context of the OuLiPo and Mullen’s other poetic engagements with the dictionary. Through a careful attention to her specific dictionary borrowings and the cryptic play of anagram, palindrome, and paragram in Muse & Drudge, the chapter explicates the poem’s argument for and enactment of miscegenation. Drawing on Michael Riffaterre’s theory of the hypogram and Jacques Derrida’s theory of the signature, the chapter uncovers the motivating poetic force of the proper name in Mullen’s poem. Together, these readings complicate the received critical accounts of Mullen’s sources and the very ways in which we imagine the relation between source-text and poem.

A Collected Unconscious: James Merrill’s Dictionaries

In The Changing Light at Sandover (1982), James Merrill sketches a tableau of his study, singling out his hardbound set of the Oxford English Dictionary. Indeed, dictionaries were never far from his desk, and their presence is felt in much of his poetry, from interpolated definitions to pastiche etymologies and puns whose effectiveness depends upon a deep and lasting knowledge of the OED and American Heritage Dictionary. This essay takes as its starting point Merrill’s belief that dictionaries constitute a ‘collective unconscious’, discussing how the spirits of the dead are invoked not just by way of Merrill’s poetic experiments with Ouija boards, but through his ongoing fascination with the buried histories of words themselves. In close readings of Sandover, as well as some of Merrill’s later lyrics, it charts the poet’s lifelong preoccupation with acts of definition, and suggests that his poetry ultimately takes more delight in the ramifications of words than their roots.

THE CONCEPTS SAFETY/SECURITY AND ITS REPRESENTATION IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

The article is devoted to studying the peculiarities of the lexical verbalization of the concepts SAFETY/SECURITY in the Eng­lish language worldview on the basis of the comparative analysis of their components, including the basic elements and their de­rivatives. The author supposes that the scope of the concepts SAFETY/SECURITY in the English language worldview is based on the general meaning “protection, protection from risks, threats or lack of them”. It is security that is the cornerstone that ensures the stable functioning of a human in society and society itself as a whole. In this regard, the problem of perception and understanding of SAFETY/SECURITY concept is becoming especially relevant in today’s society. This article examines the implementation of the SAFETY/SECURITY concept in the English language picture of the world. The purpose of this study is to set the boundaries of the SAFETY/SECURITY concept in English on the basis of a study of the categorical definitions related to safety / security that make up the core of the concept and their derivatives. The following dictionaries were used for the study: The MacMillan English Dictionary, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.

Semantic Features of ‘Noodle’ and its Related Words

The word „noodle‟ has different definitions in English dictionaries. The variety of definitions influences the variety of meaning, thus the variety of semantic features of the word. Furthermore, it influences whether a related word could be considered as „noodle‟. To identify the common semantic features of the word „noodle‟, the data are the word „noodle‟ and its definitions in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHDEL), Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary (CACD), Funk & Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of English Language (FWSDEL), Merriam-Webster Dictionary (MWD), and Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary (OALD). To identify if the common semantic features of „noodle‟ are present in noodle-related words, 39 words having the sense “noodle” were collected from Dictionary of Food. The data were analyzed using componential analysis based on theLyons' statement that words and phrases are built upon sense-components. Therefore, the data are broken down into blocks of semantic features, and then marked + if the semantic feature is present, marked +/- if the semantic feature is unlikely present, and marked – if the semantic feature is not present. The result is that the word „noodle‟ in the dictionaries has the ᴍ.ғ. ғʟᴏᴜʀ, ᴍ.ᴡ. ᴇɢɢ, and ʀɪʙʙᴏɴ features in common, with the ʀɪʙʙᴏɴ feature present in all dictionaries, thus the most important semantic feature of „noodle‟. Regarding the 39 noodle-related words, 13 words meet the most important semantic feature of „noodle‟, but only 4 words meet all the common semantic features of „noodle‟, yet 11 words do not meet the common semantic features at all. In brief, the common semantic features of „noodle‟ are not the prerequisite for any word to mean “noodle”.

Google Books Ngram Viewer in Socio-Cultural Research

The objective of this paper is to verify if Google Books Ngram Viewer, a new tool working on a database of 361 billion words in English, and enabling quick recovery of data on word frequency in a diachronic perspective, is indeed valuable to socio-cultural research as suggested by its creators (Michel et al. 2010), i.e. the Cultural Observatory, Harvard University, Encyclopaedia Britannica, the American Heritage Dictionary, and Google. In the paper we introduce a study performed by Greenfield (2013), who applies the program to her Ecological Analysis, and contrast the findings with a study based on similar premises, in which we follow the trends in changes in word frequency throughout the 19th and 20th centuries to observe if these changes correspond to one of the major socio-cultural transformations that took place in the studied period, i.e. mediatization. The results of this study open a discussion on the usefulness of the program in socio-cultural research.