scholarly journals Variability for Restriction Fragment-length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) and Relationships among Elite Commercial Inbred and Virtual Hybrid Onion Populations

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1034-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph J. King ◽  
James M. Bradeen ◽  
Michael J. Havey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Pair Group ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Market Class ◽  
Unweighted Pair Group Method ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

Nuclear RFLPs were used to estimate relationships among 14 elite commercial inbreds of bulb onion (Allium cepa) from Holland, Japan, and the United States. Variability for known alleles at 75 RFLP loci and 194 polymorphic fragments revealed by 69 anonymous cDNA probes and a clone of alliinase were scored to yield genetically characterized and uncharacterized data sets, respectively. The inbred onion populations possessed more than two alleles at 20 of 43 (46%) codominant RFLP loci. Relationships among the inbreds were estimated by cluster analysis of simple-matching (genetically characterized data) and Jaccard (genetically uncharacterized data) coefficients using the unweighted pair group method and agreed with known pedigrees. RFLPs confidently distinguished among elite inbreds within and between specific market classes. RFLP profiles for virtual hybrids were computer-generated by combining gametic arrays among inbreds of the same market class and analyzed as described above. Allelic and genetically uncharacterized RFLPs confidently distinguished among these hybrids, even though heterozygosity for many markers produced a majority of monomorphic fragments. We randomly sampled decreasing numbers of RFLPs from the complete data sets and calculated simple-matching and Jaccard distances, noting the numbers of probes that were unable to distinguish any two inbreds or hybrids. As few as 10 polymorphic probe-enzyme combinations distinguished among all the inbreds and samples of 20 genetically characterized or 10 genetically uncharacterized clones distinguished all the virtual hybrids. This study demonstrated that the previously reported few RFLPs observed among open-pollinated (OP) onion populations were due to the highly heterozygous nature of the OP population.

Morphological variation in Nereis (Neanthes) virens (Polychaeta: Nereididae) populations

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 983-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Breton ◽  
France Dufresne ◽  
Gaston Desrosiers ◽  
Pierre Blier
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Genetic Study ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Restricted Gene Flow ◽  
Pair Group ◽  
Morphological Variants ◽  
Unweighted Pair Group Method

The intraspecific variation in the number and distribution of paragnaths in ten populations of Nereis (Neanthes) virens collected throughout its range was examined. Significant differences among populations are found in the total number of paragnaths and in each paragnath group. The unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages cluster analysis revealed three distinct clusters separating Canadian populations, Europe/USA populations and the Japanese population, suggesting the implication of either restricted gene flow, selection on paragnath patterns or phenotypic plasticity. Comparison with a previous genetic study suggests that morphological variants represent ecotypes of the single, widely distributed N. virens species.

Interspecific differentiation and phylogenetic relationships of poison ryegrass (Lolium temulentum L.) and Persian darnel (L. persicum Boiss. & Hohen. ex Boiss.)

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 963-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Senda ◽  
T. Ohsako ◽  
T. Tominaga
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Lolium Temulentum ◽  
Intermediate Group ◽  
Pair Group ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Unweighted Pair Group Method ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length ◽  
Key Words Aflp

To clarify the speciation and evolution of the inbreeding Lolium spp., poison ryegrass and Persian darnel, we analyzed genetic relationships using microsatellite and AFLP markers among accessions from Pakistan, where both species grow sympatrically or parapatrically. Dendrograms were constructed using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA), based on simple matching coefficient of similarity among 29 accessions of poison ryegrass and 16 accessions of Persian darnel. Most of the poison ryegrass and Persian darnel accessions were genetically divided into two clusters. One and two chloroplast RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) haplotypes were identified in poison ryegrass and Persian darnel accessions, respectively, from Pakistan, which correspond to each cluster or subcluster of dendrograms. Some accessions, morphologically identified as Persian darnel, belong to neither poison ryegrass nor Persian darnel clusters and locate in other cluster between them. Because this intermediate group had the same haplotype as poison ryegrass, shared almost all alleles with poison ryegrass and/or Persian darnel, and was genetically closer to poison ryegrass than to Persian darnel, we hypothesize that the intermediate group was derived maternally from poison ryegrass via hybridization with Persian darnel. Key words: AFLP, chloroplast DNA-RFLP, Lolium persicum, Lolium temulentum, microsatellite, phylogenetic analysis

A cluster analysis interpretation of Middle Ordovician biofacies, southern Mackenzie Mountains

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1377-1388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad J. R. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Continental Slope ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Areal Extent ◽  
Faunal Composition ◽  
Middle Ordovician ◽  
Faunal Assemblages ◽  
Pair Group ◽  
Mackenzie Mountains ◽  
Unweighted Pair Group Method

Collections of fossil trilobites, ostracods, bryozoans, and conodonts from Chazyan and Blackriveran strata of the southern Mackenzie Mountains are analyzed in an attempt to define biofacies, in terms of areal extent and faunal composition. Q-mode and R-mode cluster analyses, using Jaccard's coefficient and the unweighted pair-group method of clustering, are employed to delineate five biofacies. The interpretation of sedimentological features and composition of faunal assemblages shows that one nearshore biofacies, three progressively deeper shelf biofacies, and one continental slope biofacies are represented. A plot of biofacies succession through time in each measured section provides added support for the biofacies interpretations.

A Late Cretaceous (Turonian) Ichthyofauna from Lac des Bois,Northwest Territories, Canada, with paleobiogeographic comparisons with Turonian ichthyofaunas of the Western Interior Seaway

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1375-1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Fielitz
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Western Interior Seaway ◽  
The North ◽  
Pair Group ◽  
Arctic Fish ◽  
East West ◽  
Unweighted Pair Group Method

A fish fauna from a Turonian sequence of the Great Bear Basin at Lac des Bois is described. The fauna includes examples of Ichthyodectes, cf. Osmeroides, a euteleost, and several aulopiforrn fishes such as Enchodus, Cimolichthys, and a juvenile that cannot be further identified. The fauna of Lac des Bois most closely resembles other Arctic fish assemblages of the Western Interior Seaway based on a UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages) cluster analysis of various North American Turonian localities. There are also slight differences between eastern and western localities along the seaway. The north–south differences of the ichthyofauna can be explained by current patterns distributing the fishes in the seaway, or transgressive events during the Turonian. The east–west differences may be due to changes in water depth from east to west.

scholarly journals Pleuropneumonia Caused by Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae Biotype 2 in Growing and Finishing Pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney K. Frank ◽  
M. M. Chengappa ◽  
Richard D. Oberst ◽  
Kristina J. Hennessy ◽  
Steven C. Henry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae ◽  
The United States ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Dna Fragment ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length ◽  
Overall Mortality

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 was isolated in pure culture or as the predominant isolate from the lungs of 9 growing and finishing pigs with pleuropneumonia. Gross and microscopic lesions resembled those caused by A. pleuropneumoniae biotype 1 serotypes (nos. 1, 5, and 7) traditionally seen in the United States. The overall mortality rate for growing and finishing pigs on this 1,200-sow far-row-to-finish farm ranged from 0.37% to 0.84% per month from July 1990 to February 1991, and mortality due to respiratory disease ranged from 0.17% to 0.52% per month for the same period. This Actinobacillus species did not require V factor (no satellitism on blood agar with a Staphylococcus streak), was strongly beta-hemolytic, and demonstrated restriction fragment length polymorphisms in hybridization studies with A. suis, A. lignieresii, and A. equuli. Biochemically, the isolate most closely resembled A. pleuropneumoniae, and a DNA fragment considered specific for A. pleuropneumoniae biotypes 1 and 2 was demonstrated using polymerase chain reaction. Necrohemorrhagic pleuropneumonia similar to that caused by A. pleuropneumoniae biotype 1 was reproduced experimentally in 2 4-week-old pigs inoculated intratracheally with broth cultures of the A. pleuropneumoniae biotype 2. This study demonstrated the presence of A. pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 in the United States.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Assessment Of Arthrocnemum Macrostachyum (Chenopodiaceae) Genotypes, Using Ramp Markers

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-299
Author(s):  
Basel Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Marker Index ◽  
Pair Group ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
Upgma Cluster Analysis ◽  
Arthrocnemum Macrostachyum ◽  
Unweighted Pair Group Method

AbstractRandom amplified microsatellite polymorphism (RAMP) marker technique was employed to test its usefulness for assessing phylogenetic relationships in three genotypes of Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) Moris. & Delponte from Syria. PCR reactions with 21 RAMP primer combinations (PCs) distinguished 145 loci, 139 of which (95.862%) were polymorphic. The (AG)8TC/OPE18 primer combination generated the highest number of fragments (11 amplicons), and the (AC)8T/OPE04 primer combination the fewest (4 amplicons). Average estimated polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.431, with an average marker index (MI) of 2.836. Analysis by the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) was performed and a dendrogram was constructed. UPGMA cluster analysis based on RAMP markers distinguished genotype 2, suggested here to be a subspecies, from genotypes 1 and 3. In this study the RAMP marker method proved to be a reliable tool for discriminating and estimating genetic diversity within A. macrostachyum.

Behaviour of subarctic red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi athabascae)

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1932-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Mihok
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Reproductive Condition ◽  
Pair Group ◽  
Dominant Female ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unweighted Pair Group Method

Interactions between pairs of red-backed voles were observed in a neutral observation arena in the summer of 1975 at Heart Lake. Northwest Territories, Canada. Twenty–one behaviours were recorded for each vole and were simplified to six factors of behaviour: amicable, defensive, aggressive, avoidance, subordinate, and fighting. The behaviour of one vole towards another in a trial was classified into defensive, avoidance, amicable, and aggressive types by unweighted pair group method (UPGM) cluster analysis. It was possible to partially predict behaviour on the basis of individual parameters such as: sex, age, and reproductive condition. The relationship between individuals showed better predictability, although the behaviour of each individual was variable. Male–female encounters were generally amicable with the female being dominant. Female–female encounters were similar to male–male encounters; avoidance, defensive, and aggressive behaviour predominated. Dominant females were generally older or in a later stage of pregnancy. Dominant males did not represent any consistent trends in age, sexual maturity, or weight differences. Mutual avoidance was the most common type of interaction.

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: Employment Issues in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Marlene Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Pacific Islanders ◽  
Native Hawaiians ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Unemployment Rates

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) in the United States face problems of discrimination, the glass ceiling, and very high long-term unemployment rates. As a diverse population, although some Asian Americans are more successful than average, others, like those from Southeast Asia and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPIs), work in low-paying jobs and suffer from high poverty rates, high unemployment rates, and low earnings. Collecting more detailed and additional data from employers, oversampling AAPIs in current data sets, making administrative data available to researchers, providing more resources for research on AAPIs, and enforcing nondiscrimination laws and affirmative action mandates would assist this population.

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