scholarly journals Expression of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Genes in the Skin of Peach and Nectarine Fruit

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomomi Tsuda ◽  
Masami Yamaguchi ◽  
Chikako Honda ◽  
Takaya Moriguchi
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Chalcone Synthase Gene ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Reductase Gene ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration ◽  
Six Genes

We used RNA blot analysis to examine the expression of six genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in the flowers and fruit skins at three developmental stages of white and red peaches and a deep-red nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batch]. In the red peach `Akatsuki' and the deep-red nectarine `Flavortop', expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were related to anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit skin; expression of all six genes dramatically increased at Stage III of fruit development, and anthocyanin concentration also increased at this stage. In the white peach `Mochizuki', however, expression of the chalcone synthase gene (CHS) and the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene (DFR) was undetectable in Stage III, although the chalcone isomerase gene (CHI), the flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene (F3H), the anthocyanidin synthase gene (ANS), and the UDP-glucose-flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase gene (UFGT) were expressed. We occasionally found red pigment in the skin of `Mochizuki' peach. In these red skin areas, both CHS and DFR were clearly expressed in Stage III. These results suggest that CHS and DFR are the key regulatory genes in the process of anthocyanin biosynthesis in mature red peach and nectarine.

scholarly journals Cloning and Functional Characterization of Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase Gene Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of Chrysanthemum

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7960
Author(s):  
Sun-Hyung Lim ◽  
Bora Park ◽  
Da-Hye Kim ◽  
Sangkyu Park ◽  
Ju-Hee Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Reductase Gene ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) catalyzes a committed step in anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by reducing dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanidins. However, the role of this enzyme in determining flower color in the economically important crop chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is unknown. Here, we isolated cDNAs encoding DFR from two chrysanthemum cultivars, the white-flowered chrysanthemum “OhBlang” (CmDFR-OB) and the red-flowered chrysanthemum “RedMarble” (CmDFR-RM) and identified variations in the C-terminus between the two sequences. An enzyme assay using recombinant proteins revealed that both enzymes catalyzed the reduction of dihydroflavonol substrates, but CmDFR-OB showed significantly reduced DFR activity for dihydrokaempferol (DHK) substrate as compared with CmDFR-RM. Transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were consistent with the anthocyanin contents at different flower developmental stages of both cultivars. The inplanta complementation assay, using Arabidopsis thaliana dfr mutant (tt3-1), revealed that CmDFR-RM, but not CmDFR-OB, transgenes restored defective anthocyanin biosynthesis of this mutant at the seedling stage, as well as proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the seed. The difference in the flower color of two chrysanthemums can be explained by the C-terminal variation of CmDFR combined with the loss of CmF3H expression during flower development.

Expression of pigmentation genes and photo-regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in developing Royal Gala apple flowers

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Hu Dong ◽  
Lesley Beuning ◽  
Kevin Davies ◽  
Deepali Mitra ◽  
Bret Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Dark Treatment ◽  
Petal Development ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration ◽  
Six Genes ◽  
Pure White

Anthocyanin levels and the expression of six genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (PAL, CHS, CHI, F3H, DFRand ANS) were studied during apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) flower development. In the petal, maximal accumulation of the six mRNAs occurred at an early stage of flower development and then declined rapidly following petal expansion. During petal development, the highest levels of CHI enzymatic activity and anthocyanin concentration appeared about one day after maximum mRNA levels of the six genes. Blocking UV or natural light (dark treatment) before flower bud break reduced the expression of the six genes and inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis, resulting in either pink (UV block treatment) or pure white (dark treatment) apple flowers. Furthermore, the pure white flowers (dark treatment) were unable to resynthesise anthocyanins, even if they were re-exposed to light or placed under UV-B plus white light in vitrofollowing stage I of flower development. These results suggest that anthocyanin biosynthesis and the activities of these genes in the developing apple flower are controlled by both development and light and that the key stage for the photoregulation is during the early stages of development.

scholarly journals Expression of the ANS, CHS and DFR genes involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in Vaccinium floribundum Kunth from Ecuador, using RT-qPCR.

Bionatura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 2180-2186
Author(s):  
Viviana Chiluisa-Utreras ◽  
Doris Vela ◽  
Ivonne Vaca ◽  
Ramiro Acurio ◽  
Javier Chicaiza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Chalcone Synthase Gene ◽  
Dehydrogenase Gene ◽  
Reductase Gene

Vaccinium floribundum Kunth, a wild native species of berry in Ecuador, presents a lot of phenolic compounds, specifically anthocyanins; hence it is considered a natural nutraceutical due to all its nutritional properties. The comparison of the expression of genes is involved in the biosynthesis pathway of anthocyanin of several populations. The aim of the research was to analyze the expression levels of three genes involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanin in this species collected in two areas of the province of Pichincha: Machachi population of the Mejía canton, with geographic coordinates 0 ° 31′04.8 ″ S 78 ° 37′07.4 ″ W and altitude 3200 meters above sea level, and Pintag population of the Quito cantón, with geographic coordinates 0 ° 24′00.0 ″ S 78 ° 24′00.0 ″ W and altitude 3000 meters above sea level. The gene expression analysis was performed using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique and reverse transcription (RT-qPCR). For the population of Machachi, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene had an average concentration of 648.59 ng/µL, followed by the chalcone synthase gene with 143.71 ng/µL, then by the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene with 59.58 ng/µL and finally by the anthocyanin synthase gene with 39 ng/µL. For the population of Pintag, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene has an average concentration of 667.32 ng/µL, followed by the chalcone synthase gene with 157.22 ng/µL, then by the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene with 60.42 ng/µL, and finally by the anthocyanin synthase gene with 44.40 ng/µL. Each gene has a similar expression level in both populations, but there are differences when comparing the expression level among genes. Many enzymes, structural genes, and regulatory elements have been observed as transcription factors involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis.

Molecular Evolution of Chalcone Synthase Gene Superfamily in Plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Bao Ying ◽  
Guo Changfeng ◽  
Chen Shaohua ◽  
Liu Mei
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Chalcone Synthase Gene

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of the Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway Reveals the Molecular Mechanism Associated with Purple Color Formation in Dendrobium Nestor

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Xueqiang Cui ◽  
Jieling Deng ◽  
Changyan Huang ◽  
Xuan Tang ◽  
Xianmin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Purple Coloration ◽  
Purple Color

Dendrobium nestor is a famous orchid species in the Orchidaceae family. There is a diversity of flower colorations in the Dendrobium species, but knowledge of the genes involved and molecular mechanism underlying the flower color formation in D. nestor is less studied. Therefore, we performed transcriptome profiling using Illumina sequencing to facilitate thorough studies of the purple color formation in petal samples collected at three developmental stages, namely—flower bud stage (F), half bloom stage (H), and full bloom stage (B) in D. nestor. In addition, we identified key genes and their biosynthetic pathways as well as the transcription factors (TFs) associated with purple flower color formation. We found that the phenylpropanoid–flavonoid–anthocyanin biosynthesis genes such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, anthocyanidin synthase, and UDP-flavonoid glucosyl transferase, were largely up-regulated in the H and B samples as compared to the F samples. This upregulation might partly account for the accumulation of anthocyanins, which confer the purple coloration in these samples. We further identified several differentially expressed genes related to phytohormones such as auxin, ethylene, cytokinins, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, and abscisic acid, as well as TFs such as MYB and bHLH, which might play important roles in color formation in D. nestor flower. Sturdy upregulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes might be a potential regulatory mechanism in purple color formation in D. nestor flowers. Several TFs were predicted to regulate the anthocyanin genes through a K-mean clustering analysis. Our study provides valuable resource for future studies to expand our understanding of flower color development mechanisms in D. nestor.

scholarly journals Genome-wide comparative analysis of the BAHD superfamily in seven Rosaceae species and expression analysis in pear (Pyrus☓ bretschneideri)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunxin Liu ◽  
Xin Qiao ◽  
Qionghou Li ◽  
Weiwei Zeng ◽  
Shuwei Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Rosaceae Species ◽  
Expression Characteristics

Abstract Background: The BAHD acyltransferase superfamily exhibits various biological roles in plants, including regulating fruit quality, catalytic synthesizing of terpene, phenolics and esters, and improving stress resistance. However, the copy numbers, expression characteristics and associations with fruit aroma formation of the BAHD genes remain unclear. Results: In total, 717 BAHD genes were obtained from the genomes of seven Rosaceae , ( Pyrus bretschneideri , Malus domestica , Prunus avium , Prunus persica , Fragaria vesca , Pyrus communis and Rubus occidentalis ). Based on the detailed phylogenetic analysis and classifications in model plants, we divided the BAHD family genes into seven groups, I-a, I-b, II-a, II-b, III-a, IV and V. An inter-species synteny analysis revealed the ancient origin of BAHD superfamily with 78 syntenic gene pairs were detected among the seven Rosaceae species. Different types of gene duplication events jointly drive the expansion of BAHD superfamily, and purifying selection dominates the evolution of BAHD genes supported by the small Ka/Ks ratios . Based on the correlation analysis between the ester content and expression levels of BAHD genes at different developmental stages, four candidate genes were selected for verification as assessed by qRT-PCR. The result implied that Pbr020016.1 , Pbr019034.1 , Pbr014028.1 and Pbr029551.1 are important candidate genes involved in aroma formation during pear fruit development. Conclusion: We have thoroughly identified the BAHD superfamily genes and performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of their phylogenetic relationships, expansion patterns, and expression characteristics in seven Rosaceae species, and we also obtained four candidate genes involved in aroma synthesis in pear fruit . These results provide a theoretical basis for future studies of the specific biological functions of BAHD superfamily members and the improvement of pear fruit quality. Keywords : BAHD, pear, evolution, Rosaceae, transcriptome, volatile esters

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