Uso sustentable de productos forestales no maderables en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana: Una oportunidad para el desarrollo armónico

En el mundo actual, aún en medio de una pandemia que asoló a la humanidad, y a los graves problemas ambientales que se avecinan, es urgente la búsqueda de opciones para el desarrollo sustentable de todo el complejo humano. Las respuestas pasan por revalorizar la funcionalidad ecosistémica de los bosques y por buscar alternativas para generar un desarrollo basado en una bioeconomía sustentable.

Molasses as a new nutrition medium for Scenedsmus quadricauda growth and production of some bio compounds

Algae comprise a large group of Thallophyta, which may be used as direct nutrition of human beings. Molasses is the by-product of the sugar manufacturing facility. In this study, a locally isolated Scendsmus quadricauda from the environment of Mosul in the Shalalat region was obtained. Biomass of Scenedsmus was measurement by carried out and filtration then drying in an oven for 24 h and weighed, Estimation of chlorophyll and protein and carbohydrate content of Scenedsmus. The research has proved that the best growing period for Scendsmue quadricauda is 15 days when using sugar factory waste as a carbon source, the growth reached (1.42 nm) as optical density, biomass (1525 mg /L), chlorophyll (green), pigment (18 mg /l) protein content (396 mg /l ) and carbohydrates ( 501 mg / l ). The research showed that the use of sugar factory waste as a nutritional medium for algal growth in the dark (11.5%) achieved good growth of Scendesmues quadricauda ( 0.632 nm), biomass (820 mg / L), green pigment (Chlorophyll) (18 mg /L) protein content (235 mg / L ) and carbohydrates (401 mg/L). while using phosphor (0.018%) of K2HPO4 in dark medium achieved highest growth rate (0.91 nm) , biomass (1110 mg / L) chlorophyll ( 22 mg/L) protein (301mg/L) and carbohydrate (461 mg/L) . It is noted too , that using IAA (0.5 g/L) in dark medium support best growth (0.888 nm) , biomass (1010 mg/L) chlorophyll (25 mg/L) , protein (230mg/L) and carbohydrate (440 mg//L) . The study showed that thiamine (1 g/L) in dark medium achieved highest growth (0.750 nm) biomass (218 mg/L), chlorophyll (29mg/L), protein (220 mg/L), carbohydrate (340mg/L). Therefore, using Molasses can enhance the growth, biomass, chlorophyll, protein, and carbohydrate content in the S. quadricauda.

Evaluación temporal de sistemas agroforestales de cacao en el trópico húmedo ecuatoriano

El cacao puede ser cultivado en asociación con árboles frutales, maderables y no maderables. Así, se evaluó el crecimiento de cuatro especies maderables y su comportamiento en la producción del cacao “CCN-51”, obtenida a partir de plantas originadas de semillas. Se plantaron en campo las especies maderables Caoba de Montaña (Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg), Fernán Sánchez (Triplaris guayaquilensis Weed), Guayacán Blanco (Cybistax donnell-smithii Rose) y Laurel Prieto (Cordia macrantha Chodat), a una distancia de 9x9 m (123 árboles ha-1), y plántulas de cacao a una distancia de 3x3 (988 plantas ha-1). Cada unidad experimental tuvo nueve árboles maderables y 40 plantas de cacao, empleandose un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Durante 12 años (entre 1995 y 2007) se registró el crecimiento de las especies maderables (altura de planta, DAP, tasa de crecimiento relativo y el volumen de madera). Los componentes del rendimiento de cacao (índice de semilla, índice de mazorca, número de mazorcas sanas y rendimiento de almendras de cacao por parcela) fueron registrados durante los años 2007 y 2008. El volumen acumulado de madera fue modelado mediante un análisis de regresión sigmoidal. El volumen acumulado de madera en época seca en el año 2006 y 2007 fue significativo para el Fernán Sánchez (1,992 y 1,489 m3 árbol-1). Igualmente, está asociación incrementó el número de frutos sanos (228 y 133 mazorcas), rendimiento por parcela año (39,70 y 17,60 kg) y relativo de cacao (0,76 y 0,82). La asociación Fernán Sánchez + cacao es una excelente alternativa para sistemas agroforestales con cacao en la costa ecuatoriana.

Optimization of cultural conditions affecting improved bioactive metabolite production by endophytic fungus Trichoderma harzianum

The present study aimed to optimize cultural conditions for optimum bioactive metabolite production by endophytic fungus Trichoderma harzianum, isolated by surface sterilization method from the leaf of the eucalyptus plant. The fungus was identified based on morphological characterization. Fungal metabolites were carried out by ethyl acetate solvent. The antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571). Various carbon, nitrogen sources, pH, temperature, incubation period, and NaCl on the antibacterial metabolite production were studied. Bioactive metabolite production of T. harzianum exhibits a broad spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity against two strains of bacteria. For the optimum production of bioactive metabolites, Dextrose and Glucose were found to be the best sources of carbon and the best sources of Nitrogen Yeast extract (YE) and (NH4)2SO. The maximum production of bioactive metabolites occurs at pH 7 and 25°C.; the NaCl showed a positive influence on bioactive metabolites.

Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analysis of SENV DNA isolated from Iraqi Hepatitis Patients

SEN Virus (SENV) is a newly discovered group of transmissible, hepatotropic, single-stranded, circular, non-enveloped DNA viruses that are distantly linked to the widely distributed Torque Teno Virus (TTV) family. This research aimed to use nucleotide sequencing to identify the genetic alterations of SEN-V and to investigate the similarities between isolates. Seven DNA samples of SENV, which were previously extracted from blood of post transfusion hepatitis, were used to identify the genetic variation of SEN-V by nucleotide sequencing. According to the current analysis results, specific primer pairs were used to detect SENV DNA sequences isolated from Iraqi patients with hepatitis; however, those specific primers can also detect two new variants of SENV that are closely related to the Torque Teno Virus. In addition, four SENV isolates showed several substitution mutations, and one of them revealed the replacement of Proline (P) at position 11 with Serine (S). Only one local isolate of SENV was 100% identical to the Iranian isolate (GenBank acc. no. GQ452051.1) from thalassemia.

Comparative Study for Carrot Juice and Selenium Supplement in Many Physiological and Biochemical Parameters in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Kirkuk City

Carrot juice is a critical source of vitamins, selenium, and β-carotene, which is suggested to protect from Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). The present study aimed to show the effect of carrot juice supplementation compared to selenium tablet supplementation, so our study includes (44) blood samples belonging to young men with RA. All patients aged (20-45) years, 44 blood samples were obtained before treatment at week (0), twenty-four men with RA were supplied with fresh carrot juice. The other group of 20 patients was given an artificial selenium supplement for 21 days as well, and the results were analyzed.The samples were collected from Kirkuk hospital, and external specialized clinical from October/2019 to September /2020; experimental groups were divided into three groups: Group 1 : (44) men Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) before treatment, Group 2: (24) men with RA+ Carrot juice, Group 3: (20) men with RA +Selenium Tab, We reach to following results: the patients who have RA consumption Carrot juice and patients take up Se tab. show significant decrease respectively in RBCs, WBCs, ERS, and RF compared with the Rheumatoid arthritis group, so as the results show a significant decrease in Leptin, IL-6, C-Reactive Protein, and TNF-α concentrations in comparison with the Rheumatoid arthritis group. In contrast, we found a significant increase in GSH, Selenium concentrations, and VD3 in men with RA administration carrot juice and patients' consumption Se tab. Respectively compared with the RA group and, finally, our finding shows no difference in Ceruloplasmin in experimental groups.

Micropropagación in vitro de naranja agria (Citrus aurantium L.) a partir de segmentos nodales

La naranja agria (Citrus aurantium L.) presenta un alto valor nutricional y gastronómico en el distrito de Huacho, Lima, Perú, pero en la actualidad se considera una especie en peligro de desaparecer del distrito y alrededores por problemas fitosanitarios. Para la recuperación y repoblación de esta especie se planteó emplear técnicas biotecnológicas para la obtención de plantas libres de patógenos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue micropropagar in vitro naranja agria a partir de segmentos nodales. Los segmentos nodales de naranja agria fueron desinfectados en diferentes concentraciones de NaClO, luego se introdijeron en medio de cultivo MS (Murashige y Skoog) adicionado con BAP, KIN y AG3 para la fase de multiplicación, posteriormente se transfirieron a medios MS adicionado con IBA y ANA para la fase de enraizamiento. La evaluación del porcentaje de contaminación se realizó a los diez días, la evaluación de formación de brotes en fase de multiplicación se realizó a los 30 días y la evaluación de enraizamiento a los 30 días. En la fase de desinfección y establecimiento in vitro se logró obtener 0% de contaminación y 0% de oxidación de los explantes. En la fase de multiplicación in vitro los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en el medio de cultivo M8 generando 4,7 brotes por explante. Y finalmente en la fase de enraizamiento el medio E4 permitió obtener 94,7% de explantes enraizados, 23,4 mm de longitud de raíz y 2,2 raíces por explante.

Effect of cinnamon on blood sugar and anthropometric measurement in type two diabetes patients

There is some emerging evidence that suggests certain supplements help lower blood sugar levels. One of these is cinnamon, which exhibits characteristics that mimic insulin, such as the activity of biologically active substances to activate insulin receptor kinase, increasing glucose uptake, autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor, and glycogen synthase activity. To assess the effect of the cinnamon substance on lowering fasting blood sugar, modifying body weight, body mass index (B.M.I.), and waist circumference in type two diabetics. A randomized controlled intervention clinical trial. The study was conducted on 60 patients with type II diabetes mellitus; the study followed both gender patients for four weeks. The contributors were allocated randomly into a group that receives 2 g/d cinnamon substance (intervention group), and a group without cinnamon substance is given (control group). Fasting plasma glucose (F.P.G.) and anthropometrics measurement at the beginning (beforehand cinnamon supplementation and 4week at the end of the study duration). After 4 weeks of cinnamon taken, serum F.P.G. levels significantly improved (P≤0.0001). Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, B.M.I.) were reduced significantly (change mean ≤ P=0.001) for all. The Present study disclosed that supplementation of 2 gm cinnamon improves F.P.G. and has a good role in anthropometric indices (weight, waist circumference, B.M.I.).

Study review of camelid and shark antibodies for biomedical and biotechnological applications

The antibodies of camelids and sharks are about one–half of the conventional ones while regular antibodies have four protein chains: two light and two heavy, these small antibodies studied have just two heavy chains; they lack a light chain. In recent years, nanobodies have been the focus of attention because they can recognize epitopes that are usually not antigenic (hidden) for conventional antibodies. On the clinical side, researchers are testing nanobodies (Nbs) in the fight against diseases and disease diagnosis. Nanobodies also are attractive because they can prevent protein aggregation and clear the already existing aggregates. Furthermore, new treatments using these Nbs can neutralize the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) for preventing COVID-19. In this review, we sum up recent findings of the proposed nanobodies for their potential application.

Economía agroecológica en una comuna rural del sur del Ecuador

La producción agrícola y pecuaria en las comunidades rurales contribuyen de manera relevante en el crecimiento económico y la seguridad alimentaria de un país. Los huertos son espacios clave para la producción como para el aporte a la recuperación de los recursos naturales, cuando se trabaja con un enfoque agroecológico. Se evaluó los cambios en la economía familiar de la Comuna Indivisa de Chinchanga, ubicada entre los cantones de Calvas y Sozoranga de la provincia de Loja, bajo la intervención de organizaciones públicas y privadas durante el período 2006-2016. Se realizaron 169 encuestas dirigidas a jefes/as de hogar relacionadas con el ingreso, egreso y rentabilidad mensual de las familias. Los resultados señalaron un incrementó en el ingreso familiar en un 84.82% y la rentabilidad en 137.22% por la venta de sus nuevos productos agropecuarios y productos de ciclo corto. Además, se evidenció cambios significativos en los ingresos y rentabilidad entre los dos periodos relacionado con la diversificación de la producción agrícola y huertos familiares. La educación influyó en la economía familiar de esta comuna, dado que las personas con mayores ingresos, son los que han cursado un nivel secundario.