Expression of pigmentation genes and photo-regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in developing Royal Gala apple flowers

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Hu Dong ◽  
Lesley Beuning ◽  
Kevin Davies ◽  
Deepali Mitra ◽  
Bret Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Dark Treatment ◽  
Petal Development ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration ◽  
Six Genes ◽  
Pure White

Anthocyanin levels and the expression of six genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (PAL, CHS, CHI, F3H, DFRand ANS) were studied during apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) flower development. In the petal, maximal accumulation of the six mRNAs occurred at an early stage of flower development and then declined rapidly following petal expansion. During petal development, the highest levels of CHI enzymatic activity and anthocyanin concentration appeared about one day after maximum mRNA levels of the six genes. Blocking UV or natural light (dark treatment) before flower bud break reduced the expression of the six genes and inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis, resulting in either pink (UV block treatment) or pure white (dark treatment) apple flowers. Furthermore, the pure white flowers (dark treatment) were unable to resynthesise anthocyanins, even if they were re-exposed to light or placed under UV-B plus white light in vitrofollowing stage I of flower development. These results suggest that anthocyanin biosynthesis and the activities of these genes in the developing apple flower are controlled by both development and light and that the key stage for the photoregulation is during the early stages of development.

Flower development in species of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) and its implications for floral morphological diversity in the genus

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Bertechine Gagliardi ◽  
Inês Cordeiro ◽  
Diego Demarco
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Floral Diversity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ontogenetic Study ◽  
Flower Evolution ◽  
Female Flowers

The Euphorbiaceae are notable for floral diversity and evolutionary complexity. Croton is the second largest genus in the family and exhibits particular diversity in its flowers. The aim of this study was to investigate the floral ontogeny and structure of three Croton species with distinct morphologies, with a focus on testing the hypothesis that the filaments of female flowers, which have received different interpretations in the literature and are currently described as reduced petals, are staminodes and part of a vestigial androecium. With the ontogenetic study we can understand the origin of the organs and associate these with flower evolution in the genus. Flowers in several stages of development were analysed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In the early stage of development, the sepals are the first structures to be formed, although they do not continue to grow in female Croton fuscescens Spreng. flowers. Petals are absent in female flowers, with filamentous, petaloid structures, interpreted here as staminodes, alternating with the sepals in Croton lundianus (Didr.) Müll. Arg. In Croton sphaerogynus Baill., the staminodes are located between the nectary lobes. The stamens exhibit centripetal development in the flower bud stage, and the carpels are post-genitally connate, with differences in style branching. Besides the ontogenetic interpretation for the filamentous structures, the genus shows transitional structures that we consider evolutionary reductions. Our results can explain how developmental alterations have influenced the suppression and modification of floral organs in the genus.

scholarly journals Expression of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Genes in the Skin of Peach and Nectarine Fruit

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomomi Tsuda ◽  
Masami Yamaguchi ◽  
Chikako Honda ◽  
Takaya Moriguchi
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Chalcone Synthase Gene ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Reductase Gene ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration ◽  
Six Genes

We used RNA blot analysis to examine the expression of six genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in the flowers and fruit skins at three developmental stages of white and red peaches and a deep-red nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batch]. In the red peach `Akatsuki' and the deep-red nectarine `Flavortop', expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were related to anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit skin; expression of all six genes dramatically increased at Stage III of fruit development, and anthocyanin concentration also increased at this stage. In the white peach `Mochizuki', however, expression of the chalcone synthase gene (CHS) and the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene (DFR) was undetectable in Stage III, although the chalcone isomerase gene (CHI), the flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene (F3H), the anthocyanidin synthase gene (ANS), and the UDP-glucose-flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase gene (UFGT) were expressed. We occasionally found red pigment in the skin of `Mochizuki' peach. In these red skin areas, both CHS and DFR were clearly expressed in Stage III. These results suggest that CHS and DFR are the key regulatory genes in the process of anthocyanin biosynthesis in mature red peach and nectarine.

Effect of High Temperatures on the Postharvest Flowering of Specialty Floral Crop Species

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447f-448
Author(s):  
Millie S. Williams ◽  
Terri Woods Starman ◽  
James E. Faust
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Mature Flower

Flower growers experience decreased consumer satisfaction with plant species that cease flowering during the summer. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the heat tolerance of four specialty floral crop species in order to predict their summer performance in the different climatalogical regions of the United States. The effect of increasing temperatures on the duration of postharvest flower development was determined for Ageranthemum frutescens `Butterfly' and `Sugar Baby', Brachycome hybrid `Ultra', and Sutera cordata `Snowflake'. Plants were grown in a 18 °C greenhouse until marketable with foliage covering the container and flowers distributed evenly across the plant canopy. Plants were then placed in a phytotron to determine their heat tolerance. Temperature set points of 18, 23, 28, and 33 °C were delivered serially at 2-week intervals, starting at 18 °C. Plants were then returned to 18 °C after the 33 °C treatment. Immature flower bud, mature flower bud, flower and senesced flower numbers were collected once per week. Sutera `Snowflake', and Brachycome `Ultra' had the greatest flower number at the 23 °C temperature, decreasing in the 28 °C environment. Argeranthemum `Butterfly' and `Sugar Baby' had greatest flower number at 28 °C, but flowers were smaller and of lower quality than at 23 °C. Flower development of all cultivars ceased at 33 °C, but when plants were returned to the 18 °C production greenhouse, flower development resumed. According to normal average daily temperatures in Knoxville, Tenn., Ageranthemum frutescens `Butterfly' and `Sugar Baby' would flower until mid-June, while Brachycome hybrid `Ultra' and Sutera cordata `Snowflake' would flower until mid-May.

scholarly journals Analysis and Mapping of Gene Families Encoding β-1,3-Glucanases of Soybean

Genetics ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 445-452
Author(s):  
Wei Jin ◽  
Harry T Horner ◽  
Reid G Palmer ◽  
Randy C Shoemaker
Keyword(s):  
Gene Families ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Cross Hybridization ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
F2 Population ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Stem Leaf

Abstract Oligonucleotide primers designed for conserved sequences from coding regions of β-1,3-glucanase genes from different species were used to amplify related sequences from soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Sequencing and cross-hybridization of amplification products indicated that at least 12 classes of β-1,3-glucanase genes exist in the soybean. Members of classes mapped to 34 loci on five different linkage groups using an F2 population of 56 individuals. β-1,3-Glucanase genes are clustered onto regions of five linkage groups. Data suggest that more closely related genes are clustered together on one linkage group or on duplicated regions of linkage groups. Northern blot analyses performed on total RNA from root, stem, leaf, pod, flower bud, and hypocotyl using DNA probes for the different classes of β-1,3-glucanase genes revealed that the mRNA levels of all classes were low in young leaves. SGlu2, SGlu4, SGlu7, and SGlu12 mRNA were highly accumulated in young roots and hypocotyls. SGlu7 mRNA also accumulated in pods and flower buds.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of the Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway Reveals the Molecular Mechanism Associated with Purple Color Formation in Dendrobium Nestor

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Xueqiang Cui ◽  
Jieling Deng ◽  
Changyan Huang ◽  
Xuan Tang ◽  
Xianmin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Purple Coloration ◽  
Purple Color

Dendrobium nestor is a famous orchid species in the Orchidaceae family. There is a diversity of flower colorations in the Dendrobium species, but knowledge of the genes involved and molecular mechanism underlying the flower color formation in D. nestor is less studied. Therefore, we performed transcriptome profiling using Illumina sequencing to facilitate thorough studies of the purple color formation in petal samples collected at three developmental stages, namely—flower bud stage (F), half bloom stage (H), and full bloom stage (B) in D. nestor. In addition, we identified key genes and their biosynthetic pathways as well as the transcription factors (TFs) associated with purple flower color formation. We found that the phenylpropanoid–flavonoid–anthocyanin biosynthesis genes such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, anthocyanidin synthase, and UDP-flavonoid glucosyl transferase, were largely up-regulated in the H and B samples as compared to the F samples. This upregulation might partly account for the accumulation of anthocyanins, which confer the purple coloration in these samples. We further identified several differentially expressed genes related to phytohormones such as auxin, ethylene, cytokinins, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, and abscisic acid, as well as TFs such as MYB and bHLH, which might play important roles in color formation in D. nestor flower. Sturdy upregulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes might be a potential regulatory mechanism in purple color formation in D. nestor flowers. Several TFs were predicted to regulate the anthocyanin genes through a K-mean clustering analysis. Our study provides valuable resource for future studies to expand our understanding of flower color development mechanisms in D. nestor.

Abdominal irradiation increases inflammatory cytokine expression and activates NF-κB in rat ileal muscularis layer

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (3) ◽  
pp. G556-G565 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Linard ◽  
A. Ropenga ◽  
M. C. Vozenin-Brotons ◽  
A. Chapel ◽  
D. Mathe
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cytokine Expression ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Activator Protein 1 ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
Control Tissue ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The small bowel is an important dose-limiting organ in abdominal radiotherapy because irradiation can cause acute enteritis that, in turn, leads to progressively reduced motility and finally, in a later phase, to fibrosis. Because these clinical symptoms may be caused by the early stage of an inflammatory process, we characterized the radiation-induced intestinal inflammation in rats. Abdominal γ-irradiation (10-Gy) induced a cascade of inflammatory events characterized by an early (6 h after exposure) increase in IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA levels in the rat ileal muscularis layer. IL-8 [a cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)] mRNA appeared later (at 3 days). The expression of TGF-β (a profibrotic cytokine) was higher in irradiated than control tissue at day 1, whereas IL-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) expression vanished completely. Despite strong IL-1ra expression, the IL-1ra/IL-1β ratio, which is an indicator of inflammatory balance, was -41% at day 1 in irradiated compared with control tissue. The nuclear transcription factors NF-κB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) govern transcription of these genes, directly or indirectly. Although expression of the subunits of NF-κB (p65, p50) and AP-1 (c- fos, c- jun) did not increase, irradiation caused a rapid and persistent translocation of p65 and p50. An imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators may contribute to perpetuating intestinal inflammation, thus making it chronic.

Regulation of gene expression involved in flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis during petal development in lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum)

2004 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naonobu Noda ◽  
Yoshiaki Kanno ◽  
Naoki Kato ◽  
Kohei Kazuma ◽  
Masahiko Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Eustoma Grandiflorum ◽  
Petal Development

Floral induction in date palm seedlings (Phoenix dactylifera var. Deglet Nour) cultured in vitro

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saïda Ammar ◽  
Abdellatif Benbadis ◽  
Bal Krishna Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Date Palm ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Precocious Flowering ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Bud Initiation

Flower bud initiation in 5-month-old seedlings of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. var. Deglet Nour) was studied under controlled conditions. Normally inflorescence formation in mature plants takes 8 to 10 years. In juvenile plants inflorescence formation was induced in a 16-h day at 28 °C, by a combination of 6-benzylaminopurine, indoleacetic acid, and glucose or sucrose. The present investigation has determined favourable cultural conditions for floral induction in date palm in vitro at a very early stage of ontogeny. Both male and female flowers were induced on young plants. Floral induction usually occurred only when root formation was completely inhibited. The apparent antagonism between root formation and floral development suggests a possible competition in the young plant for growth substances, although production of floral inhibitory substances from the root cannot be precluded. These observations on the induction of precocious flowering in date palm seedlings suggest a model of development, corresponding to neoteny, of this tree as an herb.

scholarly journals Establishment of a Human Nonluteinized Granulosa Cell Line that Transitions from the Gonadotropin-Independent to the Gonadotropin-Dependent Status

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. 2851-2860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bayasula ◽  
Akira Iwase ◽  
Tohru Kiyono ◽  
Sachiko Takikawa ◽  
Maki Goto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Steroidogenic Cell ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory

The ovary is a complex endocrine organ responsible for steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis. Follicles consist of oocytes and two primary steroidogenic cell types, the granulosa cells, and the theca cells. Immortalized human granulosa cells are essential for researching the mechanism of steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis. We obtained granulosa cells from a 35-yr-old female and immortalized them by lentivirus-mediated transfer of several genes so as to establish a human nonluteinized granulosa cell line (HGrC1). We subsequently characterized HGrC1 and investigated its steroidogenic performance. HGrC1 expressed enzymes related to steroidogenesis, such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, CYP11A, aromatase, and gonadotropin receptors. Stimulation with FSH increased the mRNA levels of aromatase, which consequently induced the aromatization of androstenedione to estradiol. Activin A increased the mRNA levels of the FSH receptor, which were synergistically up-regulated with FSH stimulation. HGrC1 also expressed a series of ligands and receptors belonging to the TGF-β superfamily. A Western blot analysis showed that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, BMP-6, and BMP-7 phosphorylated small mother against decapentaplegic (Smad)1/5/8, whereas growth differentiation factor-9 phosphorylated Smad2/3. BMP-15 and anti-Müllerian hormone phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 while also weakly phosphorylating Smad2/3. These results indicate that HGrC1 may possess the characteristics of granulosa cells belonging to follicles in the early stage. HGrC1 might also be capable of displaying the growth transition from a gonadotropin-independent status to gonadotropin-dependent one.

scholarly journals Anthocyanin Accumulation during Potato Tuber Development

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Yi Hung ◽  
John R. Murray ◽  
Sarah M. Ohmann ◽  
Cindy B.S. Tong
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Biosynthetic Enzyme ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Tuber Development ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Dihydroflavonol Reductase ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration ◽  
Tuber Periderm

The color of red potato tubers is due to an accumulation of anthocyanins in periderm and peripheral cortex tissues. The objective of this study was to characterize changes in anthocyanin content and tuber surface color during tuber development. Using the red tuber-producing potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar Norland, we observed that chroma (intensity of redness) and anthocyanin content per unit of surface area of greenhouse-grown tubers decreased as tuber weight increased. There was no increase in hue (tint) during the same developmental periods. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we determined that pelargonidin and peonidin are the major anthocyanidins (aglycones of anthocyanins) in the tuber periderm. Northern blot analyses indicated that steady-state mRNA levels of dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), an anthocyanin biosynthetic enzyme, continued throughout tuber development. These results suggest that anthocyanins are synthesized throughout tuber development, and that cell division and/or enlargement contribute to a decline in chroma and anthocyanin concentration.

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