scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Copper and Stainless-steel Electrodes in Electrical Tomographic Imaging

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Adedibu Sunny Akingboye ◽  
◽  
Andy Anderson Bery ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Data Inversion ◽  
Copper Electrodes ◽  
Rms Error ◽  
Conventional Stainless Steel ◽  
Steel Electrodes

Geophysicists use electrical methods to investigate and characterise the earth’s subsurface geology. This study aims to evaluate the performance of copper and conventional stainless-steel electrodes in subsurface tomographic investigations using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polarisation (IP) at two sites in Penang, Malaysia. Site 1 and Site 2 employed profile lengths of 200 m and 100 m, with electrodes spacing of 5.0 m and 2.5 m, respectively. In the results of the final data inversion, it was observed that the ERT and IP tomographic models of Site 1 have the best convergence limits with percentage relative differences (copper as reference model) ranging from –70% to 70%, while Site 2 recorded –8% to 8%. The electrodes performance evaluation showed that population root mean square (RMS) error and population mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of data points between copper and stainless-steel electrodes yielded large values for Site 1 with values above 28% and that of Site 2 was less than 4%. Hence, copper (good electrical conductivity and non-polarisable) electrodes have improved the quality and quantity of infield data which give low values of population RMS error and population MAPE compared to conventional stainless-steel electrodes, especially for large unit electrode spacing surveys. Most notably, this work has contributed to the understanding of the capability of copper electrodes in providing precise and reliable inversion models for subsurface tomographic investigations in pre- and post-land uses (engineering work), hydrogeology/groundwater, environmental studies, etc.

scholarly journals Evaluation of lithostratigraphic units and groundwater potential using the resolution capacities of two different electrical tomographic electrodes at dual-spacing

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-320
Author(s):  
Adedibu Sunny AKINGBOYE ◽  
Andy Anderson BERY
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Silty Sand ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Copper Electrodes ◽  
Lithostratigraphic Units ◽  
Data Points ◽  
The University ◽  
Relative Differences

The selection of a choice electrode is pertinent to attenuating noise and improving geophysical tomographic inversion results. Besides, the detailed understanding of the geodynamic condition of subsurface formation is crucial to sustainable potable groundwater abstraction. Hence, the subsurface lithostratigraphic units and groundwater potential of two sites (i.e., Site 1 and Site 2) within the Universiti Sains Malaysia were evaluated using borehole-constrained electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polarisation (IP) tomography. Both methods employed the resolution capacities of stainless-steel and copper electrodes at dual-spacing. The ERT and IP field data and inversion results for copper electrodes were generally robust due to the generated higher positive data points and lower RMS errors, percentage relative differences, and mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) than the stainless-steel electrodes, especially at Site 1 with a profile length of 200 m and an electrode spacing of 5 m. However, both electrodes tend to produce inversion models with almost the same parameters at Site 2, using half the profile length and electrode spacing of Site 1, i.e., 100 m and 2.5 m, respectively. Thus, the sensitivities and resolution capacities of the tomographic electrodes are heavily influenced by electrode spacing, profile length, amount of injected current, and depth of investigation. The borehole lithostratigraphic units, typically sandy silt, sand, and silty sand, have good correlations with the ERT and IP inversion results. The variability in observed resistivity and chargeability values were due to heterogeneous weathered materials and saturating water fills within the fractured and deeply-weathered granitic bedrock, with <200 Ωm and a chargeability of >1.8 msec. The models' median depth of >40 m mapped for the weathered and/or fractured sections was suggestive of high groundwater-yielding capacity in boreholes to sustain a part of the university community. 

scholarly journals Batch elimination of cationic dye from aqueous solution by electrocoagulation process

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Ezzahra Titchou ◽  
Hanane Afanga ◽  
Hicham Zazou ◽  
Rachid Ait Akbour ◽  
Mohamed Hamdani
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Electrocoagulation Process ◽  
Electrical Power Consumption ◽  
Steel Electrodes

Like other developing countries, Morocco has undergone a real industrial revolution that generates a huge amount of colored wastewater. Methylene blue (MB) could be considered as commonly model of cationic dyes that are widely used in industries. In the present work, the removal of MB was investigated in the presence of NaCl as electrolyte by electrocoagulation (EC) process. Parameters studied are the nature of electrodes, electrode spacing, initial dye concentration, agitation speed, applied current density, NaCl concentration, and the effect of the initial pH. Stainless steel electrodes have been used as cathode and anode in the electrochemical cell. The performance of the process was evaluated in terms of color removal, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), electrical power consumption, current efficiency, and the quantity of sludge formed. The results showed that the removal percent of 20 mg/L MB is 100 %, using stainless steel electrodes with an interspace of 1.5 cm and 20 mA/cm² for 6 min in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl at natural pH. COD and TOC removals within 15 min were 45% and 51% respectively. The power consumption, in that case, was 5.84 KWh/m3, while the amount of sludge formed was 1.64 Kg/m3.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation into Residual Stress During Turning Operation for Stainless Steel AISI 316

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (12A) ◽  
pp. 1862-1870
Author(s):  
Safa M. Lafta ◽  
Maan A. Tawfiq
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Orthogonal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Turning Operation ◽  
Aisi 316

RS (residual stresses) represent the main role in the performance of structures and machined parts. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of feed rate with constant cutting speed and depth of cut on residual stresses in orthogonal cutting, using Tungsten carbide cutting tools when machining AISI 316 in turning operation. AISI 316 stainless steel was selected in experiments since it is used in many important industries such as chemical, petrochemical industries, power generation, electrical engineering, food and beverage industry. Four feed rates were selected (0.228, 0.16, 0.08 and 0.065) mm/rev when cutting speed is constant 71 mm/min and depth of cutting 2 mm. The experimental results of residual stresses were (-15.75, 12.84, 64.9, 37.74) MPa and the numerical results of residual stresses were (-15, 12, 59, and 37) MPa. The best value of residual stresses is (-15.75 and -15) MPa when it is in a compressive way. The results showed that the percentage error between numerical by using (ABAQUS/ CAE ver. 2017) and experimental work measured by X-ray diffraction is range (2-15) %.

scholarly journals Electrocoagulation Process by Using Aluminium and Stainless Steel Electrodes to Treat Total Chromium, Colour and Turbidity

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 681-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Khairul Nizam Mahmad ◽  
M.A.Z. Mohd Remy Rozainy ◽  
Ismail Abustan ◽  
Norlia Baharun
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Total Chromium ◽  
Electrocoagulation Process ◽  
Steel Electrodes

Development of a Hybrid Reference Model for Performance Evaluation of Resolvers

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
MohammadSadegh KhajueeZadeh ◽  
Hamid Saneie ◽  
Zahra Nasiri-Gheidari
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Reference Model

A Method for Chronically Implanting Stimulating Electrodes into the Brains of Locusts, and some Results of Stimulation

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284
Author(s):  
C. H. FRASER ROWELL
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Stimulating Electrodes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Antennal Movement ◽  
Steel Electrodes

1. Methods are described for implanting permanent stainless-steel electrodes into the brains of locusts, for stimulating the brain under near-normal conditions, and for localizing the electrode subsequently. 2. Threshold currents measured under these conditions are lower than those required in acute preparations, or if the animal is restrained. 3. The results of stimulation are described for four common aspects of behaviour. These are antennal movement, locomotion, feeding and sexual behaviour. 4. The effect of stimulation on antennal and locomotory movements largely confirms previous work on crickets. 5. Feeding and foraging behaviour, which is a very common result, is shown to be almost completely determined by peripheral stimuli at the time of brain stimulation. The role of the latter is permissive or disinhibitory rather than causal or excitatory. 6. Integrated sexual behaviour is occasionally inhibited, but never elicited, by stimulation. This contrasts with observations on crickets, and its implications are discussed.

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