scholarly journals Examination Techniques of the First Cranial Nerve: What Neurosurgical Residents Should Know

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 124-129
Author(s):  
Leonard Leong Sang Xian ◽  
Vasu Nallaluthan ◽  
Yong De Jun ◽  
Ooi Lin-Wei ◽  
Sanihah Abdul Halim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Odour Discrimination ◽  
Examination Techniques ◽  
Smell Identification

Olfactory or smell dysfunction is often overlooked by clinicians despite being prevalent in the population. To date in Malaysia, there is no standard and reliable test to examine the function of olfaction. Tests used at developed countries such as the Sniffin’ Sticks Test (SST), the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) test, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT) are not readily available in this region and may be costly to procure. The first cranial nerve can be tested using commonly available materials to assess: i) the function of odour detection; ii) the odour discrimination; and iii) the odour identification. An abnormal odour detection threshold test generally indicates a peripheral olfactory problem while the odour discrimination and identification test attribute the problem to the cerebral cortex. An olfactory complaint should not be taken lightly and a proper olfactory function examination is important: i) to determine the legitimacy of a patient’s complaint; ii) to monitor the progress of patient’s olfactory function; iii) to establish insurance payout for disability; and iv) to characterise the specific nature of the problem. A video has been produced to demonstrate the examination techniques explained in this article.

scholarly journals Olfactory Loss after Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty: A Report of Two Cases with Review of the Literature

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Rong-San Jiang ◽  
Yi-Hao Chang
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Zinc Salt ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) has been a popular surgical method for treating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome since it was introduced in the early 1980s. Olfactory loss has been reported as a rare side effect in several cases. However, the olfactory test results and the prognosis were not mentioned in these cases. We present two patients who complained of loss of olfactory function after UPPP. Their olfactory function was evaluated by the phenyl ethyl alcohol odor detection threshold test and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. After treatment with steroid and zinc salt, their olfactory function was improved but not recovered completely.

Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with Minamata Disease

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Furuta ◽  
Kengo Nishimoto ◽  
Masahiko Egawa ◽  
Masaru Ohyama ◽  
Hiroyuki Moriyama
Keyword(s):  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Minamata Disease ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Olfactory Identification ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Olfactory Detection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Identification Function ◽  
Smell Identification

We studied the olfactory functions of organic mercury poisoning (Minamata disease) by using both the smell identification test and the olfactory detection threshold test (with phenyl ethyl alcohol). The subjects were 19 patients with Minamata disease who were treated in Meisuien, Minamata, Kumamoto, Japan and include cases that developed the disease in utero. The mean age was 78.7 ± 14.3 years old. Both smell identification and olfactory detection tests in the majority of patients decreased significantly compared with those of healthy elder subjects. A few cases showed normal olfactory identification and detection functions. The olfactory identification function deceased with advancing age. Correlation existed between detection threshold and background factors such as age and duration after documented Minamata disease was found. No significant relationship was identified between olfactory function and the typical symptoms of Minamata disease.

scholarly journals Validation of the Applicability of the Traditional Chinese Version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. ar.2014.5.0084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong-San Jiang ◽  
Li-Te Kuo ◽  
Shang-Heng Wu ◽  
Mao-Chang Su ◽  
Kai-Li Liang
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Chinese Version ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
The North ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Smell Identification

The 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) is the most widely used smell test in the world. Presently, culturally modified versions of this test are available in multiple languages. A traditional Chinese version of the UPSIT (UPSIT-TC) has been developed for administration in Taiwan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the UPSIT-TC in Taiwanese patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) odor detection threshold test, the North American version of UPSIT (UPSIT-NA), and the UPSIT-TC were administered to 40 healthy subjects and to 100 CRS patients before and after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). The UPSIT-TC showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.887, 0.886, and 0.870 at three test occasions) and test-retest reliability (p < 0.001). The scores of UPSIT-TC were significantly correlated to the PEA thresholds (p < 0.001). The UPSIT-TC scores were significantly higher than those of the UPSIT-NA (p = 0.028) when analysis was performed with logistic regression with independent variables including test occasions (before or after FESS), test methods (UPSIT-NA or UPSIT-TC), status of polyp (with or without), and PEA thresholds (improved or did not improve). In addition, there were significant between-group differences in UPSIT-TC scores including healthy versus CRS, CRS with polyps versus CRS without polyps, and PEA thresholds improved versus PEA thresholds which did not improve. The UPSIT-TC is reliable and valid for measuring olfactory function in Taiwanese patients with rhinosinusitis. In addition, the UPSIT-TC clearly resulted in better performance than that of UPSIT-NA.

Applicability of the Cross-Culturally Modified University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test in a Japanese Population

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 404-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitomi Ogihara ◽  
Masayoshi Kobayashi ◽  
Kohei Nishida ◽  
Masako Kitano ◽  
Kazuhiko Takeuchi
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Population ◽  
Japanese Version ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Japanese Patients ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Cultural Bias ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Smell Identification

Background The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) is a popular olfactory function test used throughout the world. In Japan, however, it is not widely used because it is written in English and some of the test odorants are unfamiliar to the Japanese population. Recently, a cross-culturally modified UPSIT was developed. This study was designed to determine if the Japanese version of the UPSIT (UPSIT-J) is effective in Japanese populations. Methods We administered the UPSIT-J to 50 normosmic Japanese subjects and 54 Japanese patients with known olfactory dysfunction. Subjects were also administered the Japanese standard olfactory threshold test (T&T olfactometry), the Odor Stick Identification Test for Japanese (OSIT-J) and i.v. olfactometry (the Alinamin test). Test results from the UPSIT-J and subjects’ opinions were compared with the standard Japanese tests of olfactory function. Results Most subjects reported that the UPSIT-J was easy and interesting compared with OSIT-J and easier and more interesting than the T&T olfactometry and Alinamin test. Identification rates for nine of the UPSIT-J odorants were found to be < 80% for normal subjects. UPSIT-J scores correlated with subjects’ self-reported levels of olfactory function (r s = 0.85), OSIT-J score (r s = 0.86), recognition threshold of the T&T olfactometry (r s = 0.80), and Alinamin test results (r s = 0.38 for latency; r s = 0.52 for duration time). Conclusion Although a cultural bias was detected for some test odorants, this study indicates that the UPSIT-J is effective for use in the clinic to assess olfactory function in the Japanese population.

Response of Olfactory Acuity to Surgical Stress

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats Holmström ◽  
Valerie J. Lund
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Stress ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Olfactory Acuity ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Minor Surgery ◽  
The University ◽  
Smell Identification

In this study, the effect on olfaction of surgical procedures, performed distant to the nose, was analyzed. Twenty-three patients planned for surgery of minor or moderate degree under general anaesthesia were examined before surgery for evaluation of sense of smell with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and a smell threshold test (Olfacto-Labs). Reexamination was performed 24–48 hours postoperatively. Both tests demonstrated significant improvement in olfaction following surgery. The improvement was more obvious in younger patients and in patients undergoing moderate surgery compared with the minor surgery group but was, however, not statistically significant.

A Study of the Relationship between the T&T Olfactometer and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test in a Japanese Population

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroko Kondo ◽  
Toshi Matsuda ◽  
Motoyuki Hashiba ◽  
Shunkichi Baba
Keyword(s):  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Olfactory Ability ◽  
Smell Function ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Smell Identification ◽  
Endoscopic Nasal Surgery

The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and a smell ability questionnaire were administered to 167 Japanese volunteers ranging in age from 20 to 59 years. Of these subjects, 80 also received the T&T olfactometer threshold test. Of the latter subjects, 36 were patients tested before endoscopic nasal surgery for sinusitis and polyposis. The patients exhibited decreased smell function, as measured by the T&T olfactometer, the UPSIT, and a 30-item version of the UPSIT in which the 10 least familiar items were removed (ps < 0.001). Spearman correlations ranging from 0.53 to 0.70 were found between (i) scores on the 30- and 40-item UPSITs and (ii) the T&T detection and recognition threshold values. Significant correlations were found between scores on the smell ability questionnaire and the olfactory test measures (UPSIT30 r = 0.56; UPSIT40 r = 0.58; T&T detection r = 0.56; T&T recognition r = 0.69, p < 0.001), indicating that subjects are relatively accurate in assessing their olfactory ability. This study suggests that the 30 and 40-item UPSITs correlate well with measures derived from the T&T olfactometer, and that all three tests are sensitive to the smell loss of Japanese sinusitis/polyposis patients.

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