Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Rate and Method of Seeding on Grass Seed Yields in Pennsylvania 1

1955 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 559-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderic E. Duller ◽  
J. S. Bubar ◽  
H. R. Fortmann ◽  
H. L. Carnahan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Seed Yields

Problems of amenity grass seed production in New Zealand

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
L. Corkill ◽  
W. Rumball
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Breeding Management ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Selection Of

The problems of seed production of amenity grasses in New Zealand are considered from two aspects - (a) increasing seed potential by breeding; (b) achieving that potential by good management as practised in the Netherlands, (a) In terms of breeding, the strategies to increase seed yield depended to some degree on the species concerned. With browntop it was necessary to discard about two-thirds of the most promising genotypes because of poor heading, but the remaining genotypes flowered freely and in unison, and gave good seed yields. With fescue even the best original plants were sparsely heading, so direct selection for prolificacy has been needed. This was also carried out for perennial ryegrass, as well as selection of early-heading genotypes to avoid infection by stem rust. (b) It is suggested that areas for seed of amenity grasses in New Zealand should be used for seed production only rather than for both forage and seed as is the usual practice. Techniques used in the Netherlands could serve as guidelines to procedures. The implications of low seeding rates, good weed control, high fertilizer applications and minimum cutting or grazing in promoting strong individual plants capable of high seed yields are discussed. Keywords: Amenity grass, seed production, New Zealand, breeding, management, Netherlands, Agrostis tenuis, Festuca rubra, Lolium perenne

scholarly journals GRASS SEED PRODUCTION: WEEDS, HERBICIDES AND FERTILISERS

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
M.P. Ralston ◽  
K.R. Brown ◽  
M.D. Hare ◽  
K.A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Bromus Mollis

Four weed species (Bromus mollis, Vulpia sp., Poa annua, Steltaria media) occur in 30% or more of all perennial ryegrass seed samples. Of the listed undesirable species, Avena fatua (wild oat) and Hordeum murinum occurred respectively in 5.3 and 3.5% of ryegrass seedlots. Only 6 herbicides are registered for use in grass seed crops in New Zealand, 2 for wild oat, and 4 for broadleaved weeds. The results of research on weed control in seedling and established seed crops (ryegrass, cocksfoot, tall fescue, phalaris, prairie grass) are presented. Fertilisers for grass seed crops discussed are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), lime and zinc. Autumn N is commonly used and will increase seed yields in early flowering species (Pestuca rubra, F. arundinacea), but in ryegrass variable results have occurred. Spring N should be applied at stem elongation. No responses to P have been reported for ryegrass, while in established cocksfoot responses to P and K have been reported. Overliming can induce Zn deficiencies, and of the grass species only prairie grass may require lime. Keywords: Lolium, ryegrass, seed production, weed occurrence, Bromus mollis, herbicides, fertilisers, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, lime, zinc

Chemical Manipulation of Grass Seed Crops

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
J.G. Hampton ◽  
T.G.A. Clemence ◽  
B.L. Mccloy
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Seed Abortion ◽  
Growth Retardants ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Poor Seed ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields

The seed yield potential established at anthesis in grass seed crops is usually 5-10 times greater than actual seed yields realised at harvest. Losses in seed yield between anthesis and harvest result primarily from the death of fertile tillers and poor seed site utilisation. Lodging has been identified as one of the most important factors reducing seed yields, and the use of growth retardants has significantly increased seed yield in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. The effects of the growth retardant paclobutrazol on the growth, development and seed yield of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are presented and discussed. Little is known of the effects of leaf and stem diseases on grass seed yields. Recent research has found that fungicide application can substantially increase seed yield in perennial ryegrass through delaying senescence of leaf tissue. Increased leaf area duration is associated with a reduction in seed abortion, resulting in more seeds per spikelet at harvest. The possibilities for fungicide use in the crop are discussed. Keywords: Seed production, grasses, fertile tillers, seed abortion, growth retardants, paclobutrazol, fungicide, senescence.

EFFECTS OF RHIZOBIUM AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON NITROGEN FIXATION AND GROWTH OF FIELD PEAS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. SOSULSKI ◽  
J. A. BUCHAN
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Nitrogenase Activities ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

Nitrogenase activities of single and multistrains of Rhizobium during the growing season were low and the inoculation treatments failed to increase yields or nitrogen contents of Century field peas. Nitrogen fertilization at seeding severely depressed nitrogenase activity but markedly increased forage and seed yields as well as protein contents.

scholarly journals ESTABLISHMENT, SPACING DENSITY AND GRAZING EFFECT

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
M.D. Hare
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Grazing Effect ◽  
Seed Yields

For the production of acceptable yields of grass seeds, attention must be paid throughout the life of the plant towards encouraging the type of growth and development that is likely to result in the maximum seed production from any particular stand during its lifetime. The lifetime of certified grass seed crops'in New Zealand ranges from one harvest season for Tama ryegrass, to four harvest seasons for perennial ryegrass, six for tall fescue, seven for phalaris and eight for cocksfoot. Management of these stands, particularly the long term stands, is a year round process right from the day harvest is finished until the next season's harvest. In this paper severalcultural aspects of grass seed production which will encourage consistent high seed yields throughout the lifetime of the stand, and methods of avoiding the decline in seed yields that often comes with stand age, will be discussed. Particular emphasis will be placed on plant density in establishing the stand, time of establishment and post-harvest management.

scholarly journals The effect of vegetation area size on grass seed yield

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savo Vuckovic ◽  
Aleksandar Simic ◽  
Branko Cupina ◽  
Ivana Stojanovic ◽  
R. Stanisavljevic
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
The World ◽  
Seed Yields

This paper surveys sowing norms (row spacing and seed rate) in both our country and the world, as well as the optimal seed rates in grass seed production. It gives a short overview of row spacings and seed rates applied in our and some other countries. Earlier, grass cultivated for the purpose of seed production was grown on small vegetation area. According to some researches, high seed yields can be achieved by cultivating grass on large vegetation area. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the highest cocksfoot, timothy, meadow fescue, tall fescue seed yield was achieved with plants grown in 50 cm spaced rows employing lower seed rates (8 and 4 kg/ha of seeds). The highest Italian ryegrass and perennial ryegrass seed yield was achieved with plants grown in 20 cm spaced rows employing 20 kg/ha of seeds.

scholarly journals Winter beef weight gain on Italian grass seed crops in South Canterbury

1998 ◽  
pp. 281-286
Author(s):  
M.D. Craighead ◽  
J.A. Hayward ◽  
W.B. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Process Control ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Pasture Quality ◽  
The Right ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields

Italian grass seed crops grown in South Canterbury were used as intensively grazed winter greenfeed for weaner Angus or Angus cross steers in 1994- 1996. The aim was to achieve good liveweight gain between April and October and in the process control the excess bulk on the crop. thereby spreading the economic risk associated with relying on the crops income coming from seed. Over this period, liveweight gains of 0.9, 0.9 and 1.0 kg/head/ day were achieved. Cattle were sold in early October to coincide with spikelet initiation, the optimum time to close the crop for seed. This enabled us to supply cattle on contract to a market prepared to pay a bonus for animals at the right weight and age. The crop was sown earlier than normal to build up a bank of feed ahead of the steers. Steers were shifted twice daily and backfenced to allow regrowth and the use of nitrogen fertiliser. Pasture quality and supply was closely monitored to optimise intake. Seed yields were maintained at about 1200 kg/ha during the three years. Keywords: Angus steers, grass seed production, Italian ryegrass, liveweight gain, nitrogen fertiliser, pasture growth, pasture quality, pasture utilisation

scholarly journals Recent grass seed production studies in Canterbury

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
K.R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Seed Yields

Seed production trials in Canterbury have shown (1) strong negative relationships between plant density and seed yields per plant, and (2) plant density ranges above which high plant numbers failed to compensate for low yields per plant and below which high yields per plant failed to compensate for low plant numbers. The net result was that seed yields per unit area tended to plateau at this density range, with no further gains being made by increasing plant numbers. It is concluded that the function of seeding rate is to provide sufficient viable seeds to attain this density. Optimum density ranges for 'Grasslands Tama' Westerwolds ryegrass and 'Grasslands Nui' perennial ryegrass were 300 to 400 plants/m, and for 'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass 100 to I30 plants/m. The value of superphosphate and potassic fertilizers for seed production was doubtful, but nitrogen increased seed yields regardless of time of application. Work in Canterbury concentrated on the time of N application and showed that nitrogen for seed production was most efficient when applied just after stem elongation had commenced. Grazing grass-seed crops reduced seed yields because of an indirect negative effect on seedhead size and individual seed weights, both of which proved to be more important than seedhead numbers in determining seed yields. Keywords: Seed production, grasses, plant density, nitrogen, stem elongation, grazing, seedhead size, seed weight.

EFFECT OF A WHEAT COMPANION CROP ON THE SEED YIELD OF RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-592
Author(s):  
T. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Seed Crop ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Companion Crop ◽  
Seed Yields

The influence of a wheat companion crop on the establishment and subsequent seed and dry matter yields of Elymus junceus Fisch. was studied in tests seeded annually from 1959 to 1963. Russian wild ryegrass was seeded in rows spaced 91.4 cm (3 feet) apart and the wheat companion crop was seeded in various spacings parallel with the grass rows and crosswise to them.The companion crop did not affect the establishment of the grass, but it did decrease the vigor of the grass plants as was reflected in lower seed yields in the first two crop years. The higher the plant density of the companion crop, the greater the depression on seedling vigor and production of the grass crop, and the higher the yield of wheat.The production of wheat in the seedling year averaged 969 kg/ha, and in no case compensated for the decreased yield of the grass-seed crop in subsequent years.

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