Inoculants to Enhance the Ruminal Degradation of Small‐Grain Forage

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Martha E. Thomas‐Moen ◽  
Jamie L. Foster ◽  
Kimberly C. McCuistion ◽  
Robert W. Duncan ◽  
Larry A. Redmon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ruminal Degradation

Prediction of crude protein and neutral detergent fibre concentration in residues of in situ ruminal degradation of pasture samples by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Keim ◽  
H. Charles ◽  
D. Alomar
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Insufficient Amount ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Animal Feedstuffs

An important constraint of in situ degradability studies is the need to analyse a high number of samples and often with insufficient amount of residue, especially after the longer incubations of high-quality forages, that impede the study of more than one nutritional component. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been established as a reliable method for predicting composition of many entities, including forages and other animal feedstuffs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of NIRS for predicting the crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration in rumen incubation residues of permanent and sown temperate pastures in a vegetative stage. In situ residues (n = 236) from four swards were scanned for their visible-NIR spectra and analysed for CP and NDF. Selected equations developed by partial least-squares multivariate regression presented high coefficients of determination (CP = 0.99, NDF = 0.95) and low standard errors (CP = 4.17 g/kg, NDF = 7.91 g/kg) in cross-validation. These errors compare favourably to the average concentrations of CP and NDF (146.5 and 711.2 g/kg, respectively) and represent a low fraction of their standard deviation (CP = 38.2 g/kg, NDF = 34.4 g/kg). An external validation was not as successful, with R2 of 0.83 and 0.82 and a standard error of prediction of 14.8 and 15.2 g/kg, for CP and NDF, respectively. It is concluded that NIRS has the potential to predict CP and NDF of in situ incubation residues of leafy pastures typical of humid temperate zones, but more robust calibrations should be developed.

scholarly journals Biological Control and Mitigation of Aflatoxin Contamination in Commodities

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Ferenc Peles ◽  
Péter Sipos ◽  
Szilvia Kovács ◽  
Zoltán Győri ◽  
István Pócsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Competitive Exclusion ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced mostly by Aspergillus species. AF contamination entering the feed and food chain has been a crucial long-term issue for veterinarians, medicals, agroindustry experts, and researchers working in this field. Although different (physical, chemical, and biological) technologies have been developed, tested, and employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins, including AFs, universal methods are still not available to reduce AF levels in feed and food in the last decades. Possible biological control by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, their excretes, the role of the ruminal degradation, pre-harvest biocontrol by competitive exclusion or biofungicides, and post-harvest technologies and practices based on biological agents currently used to alleviate the toxic effects of AFs are collected in this review. Pre-harvest biocontrol technologies can give us the greatest opportunity to reduce AF production on the spot. Together with post-harvest applications of bacteria or fungal cultures, these technologies can help us strictly reduce AF contamination without synthetic chemicals.

scholarly journals RUMINAL DEGRADATION OF AERIAL BIOMASS AND SEEDS OF WILD SPECIES OF Lupinus

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Maricela Pablo-Pérez ◽  
Luz del C Lagunes-Espinoza ◽  
Jesús Ramos-Juárez ◽  
Javier López-Upton ◽  
Emilio M Aranda-Ibáñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

Rumen protection of heat-treated soybean proteins

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Mosimanyana ◽  
D. N. Mowat
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soybean Proteins ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Exit Temperature ◽  
Forced Air

The effects of processing variables on soybean crude protein (CP) ruminal degradation were investigated. Soybean meal (SBM) was heated in a forced-air oven (90 °C, 1 h) with blood (0, 5, 10 and 20% dry matter) and/or xylose (3 mol mol−1 SBM-blood lysine) in a randomized complete block design. In another experiment, whole soybeans were utilized using the following treatments: raw; roasted (in Gem Co. unit exit temperature 150 °C) and steeped for 0 or 2 h; roasted, flaked (exit temperature 111 °C) and steeped for 0, 1, 2, 3 h or 1 h with 4% xylose and/or 10% blood. Solubility of SBM CP was reduced (P < 0.01) by the addition of xylose, without adverse effects on pepsin-digestible CP and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen. In situ degradation of CP (EDCP), assuming a passage rate of 5% h−1, of SBM was reduced by the addition of blood (P < 0.05) and particularly xylose (P < 0.01). Soybean CP solubility was reduced (P < 0.01) by roasting and flaking (65.6 vs. 17.6% total CP). Not flaking the roasted beans further reduced (P < 0.01) CP solubility (to 10.4%) probably due to less rapid cooling. The EDCP of raw soybeans (87.6%) was reduced by roasting (64.2%), steeping whole (57.6%) or flaked (61.1%) beans. These data support xylose to effectively reduce ruminal degradation of SBM and simple steeping (1 h) with or without flaking to further reduce EDCP of roasted soybeans. Key words: Soybean meal, soybeans, xylose, blood, steeping, protein degradation

Effect of maceration of bromegrass-alfalfa silage on ruminal degradability and performance of lactating dairy cows

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-315
Author(s):  
D. R. Ouellet ◽  
H. Lapierre ◽  
J. Chiquette
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Ruminal Degradability ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
And Performance

Maceration of bromegrass-alfalfa sward increased effective ruminal degradability of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, and gross energy, but decreased the degradability of protein. Despite improvement in ruminal degradation kinetics, inclusion of the macerated silage (43% of total mixed ration dry matter) between weeks 7 and 15 of lactation had limited effect on lactational performance. Key words: Forage, silage, maceration, rumen degradability, lactation

Ruminal degradation characteristics of corn and corn–sunflower intercropped silages prepared at two stages of maturity

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 881-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Mir ◽  
P. S. Mir ◽  
S. Bittman ◽  
L. J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Two Stages

The degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM), protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of corn–sunflower intercrop silage (CSS) and monoculture corn silage (CS) prepared from whole plants, harvested at two stages of maturity, were compared using eight mature rumen-cannulated steers. The degradation characteristics were determined by incubating the silages in nylon bags for up to 72 h in the rumen of animals fed the respective silages. The degradation characteristics determined for the silages were the soluble fraction, the insoluble but degradable fractions, the rate of degradation of the degradable fractions of silage DM and protein, and the in situ disappearance of NDF and ADF after 0.5 and 72 h of incubation. The rate of particulate passage from the rumen was determined using chromium-mordanted NDF of the four silages. Values were used to estimate effectively degraded DM and protein. The rates of DM and protein degradation were highest for late-cut CSS (6.3 and 6.0% h−1, respectively) and the least for late-cut CS (2.5 and 0.8% h−1, respectively). Averaged across stages of maturity, more (P < 0.05) DM and protein were effectively degraded with CSS (57.4 and 70.1%, respectively) than with CS (48.8 and 48.7%). Degradation of NDF in early-cut CSS was lower (P < 0.05) than in CS after 72 h of incubation. ADF disappearance from all of the silages after 72 h of incubation was similar. Ruminal degradation of DM and protein in CSS was greater than in CS, which may affect efficiency of utilization of CSS. Key words: Degradation rate, effective degradability, corn silage, intercropped corn–sunflower, steers

scholarly journals Fractions of carbohydrates and of nitrogenous compounds of tropical grasses at different cutting ages

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1538-1547
Author(s):  
Patrícia Regina de Souza Siqueira Campos ◽  
José Fernando Coelho da Silva ◽  
Hernán Maldonado Vásquez ◽  
Andréa Vittori ◽  
Martinho de Almeida e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Block Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Echinochloa Polystachya ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

It was evaluated by the Cornell System carbohidrates fractions and nitrogenous compounds of the following grasses at the cutting ages of 14, 28, 42, and 56 days: nilo grass (Acroceras macrum), angola grass (Brachiaria purpurascens), aleman grass (Echinochloa polystachya), limpo grass (Hemarthria altíssima), setaria grass (Setaria anceps), tanner grass (Brachiaria arrecta), and tifton-85 grass (Cynodon spp). The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design, in a split plot arrangement in a way that the grasses were evaluated in the plots and the ages of cut in the split-plots. The age of cutting had an effect on the composition of the studied grasses. In most of the grasses, total carbohydrate levels, non-fibrous carbohydrates and A+B1 fraction carbohydrates increased linearly according to the age of cutting. The potentially degradable fraction of carbohydrates (fraction B2) showed a quadratic behavior according to the cutting ages for all grasses. The C fraction of the carbohydrates in tifton-85 grass linearly increased with the age but it did not increase significantly for the other grasses. In setaria grass, the intermediate levels of B2 and B3 nitrogenous fractions were high, which might represent a potential source of protein for ruminal degradation and for the small intestine. Except for setaria grass, all studied grasses show similar values of the A, B1, B2 and B3 nitrogenous fractions.

Effect of leucaena supplementation level, and provision of urea, on utilisation by sheep of Rhodes grass hay

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Karda ◽  
G. McL. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Tarramba leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Tarramba) foliage had per kilogram dry matter, 169 g protein and 29.8 g condensed tannins. Its value as a supplement, given either with or without urea, to sheep given a low-quality Callide Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana cv. Callide) hay was studied. Six rumen fistulated sheep (mean s.d. liveweight, 34 1.4 kg) were used to compare 6 dietary treatments in an incomplete latin square design. Rhodes grass hay was given ad libitum either alone, or with urea 7 g/day (U), or with leucaena 150 g/day (L150), or leucaena with urea (L150U), or leucaena 300 g/day (L300), or leucaena with urea (L300U). Digestible organic matter intake was increased significantly by leucaena supplementation although digestibility of the whole diet did not alter. Rumen fluid ammonia-N was not altered by leucaena supplementation, but was increased by urea. This suggests that Tarramba foliage protein has some resistance to ruminal degradation. Liquid and solids passage rates were not affected by the treatments. Microbial nitrogen supply to the intestine (g/day), and the efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (g/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen), were increased by leucaena supplementation (P<0.01). Microbial protein synthesis was the only response in which 300 g/day air-dry Tarramba foliage gave improved results over 150 g/day.

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