Effect of leucaena supplementation level, and provision of urea, on utilisation by sheep of Rhodes grass hay

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Karda ◽  
G. McL. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Tarramba leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Tarramba) foliage had per kilogram dry matter, 169 g protein and 29.8 g condensed tannins. Its value as a supplement, given either with or without urea, to sheep given a low-quality Callide Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana cv. Callide) hay was studied. Six rumen fistulated sheep (mean s.d. liveweight, 34 1.4 kg) were used to compare 6 dietary treatments in an incomplete latin square design. Rhodes grass hay was given ad libitum either alone, or with urea 7 g/day (U), or with leucaena 150 g/day (L150), or leucaena with urea (L150U), or leucaena 300 g/day (L300), or leucaena with urea (L300U). Digestible organic matter intake was increased significantly by leucaena supplementation although digestibility of the whole diet did not alter. Rumen fluid ammonia-N was not altered by leucaena supplementation, but was increased by urea. This suggests that Tarramba foliage protein has some resistance to ruminal degradation. Liquid and solids passage rates were not affected by the treatments. Microbial nitrogen supply to the intestine (g/day), and the efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (g/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen), were increased by leucaena supplementation (P<0.01). Microbial protein synthesis was the only response in which 300 g/day air-dry Tarramba foliage gave improved results over 150 g/day.

Effect of amount of rumen degradable protein on the utilization of wheat straw by Dohne Merino wethers

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-326
Author(s):  
J. van E. Nolte ◽  
A.V. Ferreirat ◽  
H.H. Köster
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Degradable Protein

AbstractA 5 ✕ 5 Latin square was conducted with ruminally and duodenally cannulated Dohne Merino wethers consuming wheat straw to determine the effect of different rumen degradable protein (RDP) levels on forage intake, fermentation characteristics, nutrient flow and digestion. The wethers had ad libitum access to water and wheat straw (32 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM); 742 g neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) per kg DM) that was offered twice daily, immediately after intraruminal infusion of the supplements at 07:00 and 19:00 h. The supplemental RDP (calcium caseinate; 900 g CP per kg DM) levels were: 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 g/day. Each period consisted of 14 days of adaptation and 6 days of sampling. Forage and total organic matter (OM) intakes increased in a linear manner (P < 0•01) with increasing supplemental RDP levels. Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) displayed a quadratic increase with elevated amounts of RDP (P < 0•01). The effects of treatments on rumen and total tract digestion, as well as fluid dilution rate were minimal. Microbial nitrogen (MN) flow to the duodenum and microbial efficiency increased quadratically (P < 0•04) with increased RDP supplementation. Rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations increased linearly (P < 0•01) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) tended to increase linearly (P = 0•07). In conclusion, RDP supplementation to Dohne Merino wethers consuming wheat straw generally enhanced rumen fermentation and forage intake. A total RDP intake (sources: calcium caseinate and wheat straw) of 3•30 g/kg M0•75 or 0•12 of DOM maximized DOMI.

scholarly journals In vitro assessment of ruminal fermentation, digestibility and methane production of three species of Desmanthus for application in northern Australian grazing systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Vandermeulen ◽  
Sultan Singh ◽  
Carlos Alberto Ramírez-Restrepo ◽  
Robert D. Kinley ◽  
Christopher P. Gardiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Grass Hay

Three species of Desmanthus adapted to the heavy clay soils of northern Australia were studied to determine their nutritive value and effects on in vitro fermentation with rumen fluid, compared with Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay. Leaves and stems of D. leptophyllus cv. JCU 1, D. virgatus cv. JCU 2 and D. bicornutus cv. JCU 4 were collected in summer, winter and spring of 2014 and analysed for chemical composition. Apparent digestibility as in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVD-OM) and fermentation parameters including methane (CH4) production were measured during 72-h fermentations using rumen fluid from steer donors grazing tropical grasses and legumes. Desmanthus bicornutus was on average more digestible than both D. leptophyllus and D. virgatus at 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. This species also demonstrated an anti-methanogenic potential, in particular when harvested in summer with a reduction in CH4 production of 26% compared with Rhodes grass hay after 72 h of incubation. At this time point, D. leptophyllus produced higher volatile fatty acids (VFA per g of organic matter fermented) compared with the other forages. This legume also reduced the CH4 production up to 36% compared with the Rhodes grass hay reference. However, D. leptophyllus showed lower IVD-OM. Overall, Desmanthus species produced lower in vitro CH4 and lower volatile fatty acids concentration compared with the reference grass hay. These effects may be due to presence of secondary compounds such as hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins and/or their combination in Desmanthus species. The IVD-OM was influenced by the season after 72 h of incubation; the digestibility was higher in plants collected in spring. This study suggests that contrasting fermentative profiles in Desmanthus cultivars may offer the opportunity to reduce the greenhouse gas contribution of the beef industry. The next step in demonstration of these promising in vitro results is demonstration of Desmanthus in vivo as proof of concept confirming the productivity and CH4 reduction ability of these legumes in the pastoral systems of northern Australia.

Feed intake and digestion by Holstein steer calves consuming low-quality grass supplemented with lasalocid or monensin

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Galloway Sr. ◽  
A. L. Goetsch ◽  
A. Patil ◽  
L. A. Forster Jr. ◽  
Z. B. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Forage Intake

Holstein steer calves were fed late vegetative bermudagrass or mature bromegrass free choice in three Latin-square experiments to determine influences of ionophore type and level, supplementation with cereal grain, and source of low-quality grass on feed intake and digestion. In exp. 1, neither lasalocid nor monensin given at 0.5 mg kg−1 of body weight (BW) affected intake or digestion with either forage source. In exp. 2, steers received lasalocid or monensin at 0, 0.5 or 1.0 mg kg−1 of BW. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was not depressed by ionophores and was slightly greater (P < 0.05) for ionophores at 1.0 than at 0.5 mg kg−1 of BW. Digestible organic matter intake with bermudagrass was slightly greater with ionophores at 1.0 than at 0.5 mg kg−1 of BW, but an opposite difference between ionophore levels occurred with bromegrass (ionophore level × forage source interaction; P < 0.07). The concentration of total volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid at 4 h post-feeding was lower (P < 0.05) for monensin than for lasalocid; the acetate/propionate ratio was decreased by ionophores and was lower for monensin than for lasalocid (P < 0.05). In exp. 3, lasalocid at 0.5 mg kg−1 of BW did not affect intake or digestion or interact with supplemental corn (7.2 g kg−1 of BW) or forage source. In conclusion, level of ionophore maximizing digestible organic matter intake may vary with characteristics of source of low-quality forage. However, when present, effects of ionophores on digestibility or energy intake may be relatively small. Key words: Cattle, ionophore, forage, intake, digestion

Responses to various protein and energy supplements by steers fed low-quality tropical hay. 1. Comparison of response surfaces for young steers

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
M. J. Bolam ◽  
J. F. Kidd ◽  
K. A. Chandra ◽  
D. P. Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Energy Supplements ◽  
Sugar Source

Response curves were established for different supplements, offered at intakes ranging from 0 to 20 g/kg liveweight (W).day to young Bos indicus crossbred steers fed low-quality Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay ad libitum in two pen experiments. Supplements included protein meals of varying rumen-degradability (cottonseed meal (CSM) or fishmeal), as well as ‘energy sources’ comprising grains of high and low ruminal starch degradability (barley and sorghum) and a highly fermentable sugar source (molasses), with all diets adjusted for rumen-degradable nitrogen and mineral content. Unsupplemented steers gained 0.08 and 0.15 kg/day, in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Growth of steers increased linearly with intake of ‘energy source’ supplements in increasing order of molasses, sorghum and barley (all differences P < 0.05). Steer growth rate also increased linearly with fishmeal, albeit over a narrow intake range (0–4.1 g/kg W.day), whereas the response with CSM was asymptotic, showing a steep response at low intake before levelling at ~1.2 kg/day. All supplement types were associated with a linear reduction in hay intake by the steers (energy substitution) where the reduction was greater (P < 0.05) for barley and molasses (not different) than for sorghum (P < 0.05), and for fishmeal compared with CSM (P < 0.05). In concurrent metabolism studies with the same rations, organic matter digestibility of the total ration (561–578 g/kg DM, unsupplemented) was increased linearly by barley and molasses (both P < 0.05) but was unaffected by CSM and sorghum supplements. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in steers increased linearly, from 91 g microbial crude protein/kg digestible organic matter (unsupplemented), in both molasses and CSM-supplemented steers, with the trend for a higher response to molasses (P = 0.05), and appeared most closely related to digestible organic matter intake. The response curves from these studies provide the practical framework upon which to formulate rations for cattle grazing low-quality forages.

scholarly journals PSXIV-1 Effects of passage rate on forage intake and digestion in beef cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 377-377
Author(s):  
Thomas G Jennings ◽  
Angela Green-Miller
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
D 12

Abstract The objective was to evaluate treatments designed to increase passage rate on forage intake and digestion. Eight ruminally-cannulated steers were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. All steers were fed an ad libitum diet of prairie grass hay (10.4% CP) with the following treatments designed to increase passage rate: no treatment (control; CON), pelleted (PEL), 7% Ca(OH)2 treated (CAOH), and six 2 kg weights inserted into the rumen (WTS). Molasses (3% of diet DM) was added to all treatments. Feed, orts, and total feces was collected on d 12–17 to determine total tract digestibility. On d 17–20, ruminal pH was recorded every 8 hr. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with treatment and period as fixed effects and steer as a random effect. A treatment effect (P &lt; 0.01) was observed for ruminal pH; steers fed CAOH had the highest pH (6.97) with WTS and CON intermediate and PEL being the lowest (6.34). Organic matter intake (OMI) was affected (P &lt; 0.01) by treatment with PEL steers consuming the most (7.86 kg). While steers consuming CON had greater OMI than CAOH (P = 0.04), WTS was not different from CON (P = 0.50). Organic matter digestibility (OMD) was also affected (P &lt; 0.01) by treatment as WTS and CON were the greatest (62.8% and 61.7%, respectively) and CAOH (58.7%) tended (P = 0.08) to be greater than PEL (55.9%). Total digestible organic matter intake (TDOMI) was affected (P &lt; 0.01) by treatment; PEL had the greatest TDOMI with CON being intermediate, and CAOH and WTS being the least. Treatments designed to increase passage rate did affect forage intake and digestion with the greatest effect resulting from pelleting grass hay due to the severe reduction in particle size.

The influence of the legume Leucaena leucocephala and formal-casein on the production and composition of milk from grazing cows

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Flores ◽  
T. H. Stobbs ◽  
D. J. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Jersey Cows

SummaryTwenty-four lactating Jersey cows, grazing a 3-week regrowth of nitrogen-fertilized Chloris gayana cv. Pioneer pastures selected a diet containing 18% crude protein and were given 0, 2 or 4 kg/day of fresh Leucaena leucocephala or 250 g/day of formal-casein. The effect of the treatments on milk production was measured in a 4 × 4 latin-square design experiment with experimental periods of 14 days.Mean milk yield of unsupplemented cows was 9·6 kg/day, 10·1 kg/day when cows were supplemented with formal-casein and 10·3 kg/day when fed 2 or 4 kg Leucaena/day. Yields of solids-not-fat, protein, casein, butterfat and short and medium-chain (C4–C16) fatty acids in milk fat were higher when cows were fed supplements (P < 0·01). Intake of digestible organic matter was lowest on the unsupplemented diets although feed in excess of 40 kg D.M./cow/day was offered and cows had little difficulty harvesting feed with a mean bite size of 350 mg organic matter/bite and mean grazing time of 507 min/24 h.It was concluded that a tropical grass diet containing 18% crude protein was deficient in protein for lactating cows and that small quantities of the legume Leucaena can alleviate such a deficiency.

The effect of different proportions of hay and fortified rolled barley in the diet on digestible-energy value and urinary-energy excretion by cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Treatment

SUMMARYA 6 x 6 Latin Square balance experiment was carried out using six Friesian steers, each of which initially weighed about 304 kg. The six treatments studied were an all-hay diet and five other diets containing 20,40,60,80 and 100 % of rolled barley fortified with mineral and vitamin supplements, accompanied by correspondingly reduced proportions of hay. Each diet was fed at an estimated maintenance level of feeding.The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in both digestible and calculated metabolizable energy. The actual increase in digestible energy was from 2·62Mcal/kg dry matter (59·3% of the gross energy) on the all-hay treatment to 3·42 Mcal/kg dry matter (79·5% of the gross energy) on the all-concentrate treatment. Use of the determined digestible energy values for the all-hay and fortified barley diets to calculate the digestible energy of the four mixed diets gave results in reasonably good agreement with the determined values, the maximum difference being 0·12 Mcal/kg dry matter, which represented 3·83 % of the determined value. The losses of energy in the urine expressed as percentages of the gross energy of the diets showed a small but significantly linear decrease (P < 0·01) with increase in proportion of barley in the diet. The molar proportions of steamvolatile acids in samples of rumen fluid taken from two animals on each treatment indicated that increase in the proportion of concentrate was associated with tendencies for increase in acetic acid, decrease in propionic acid and little change in butyric acid. The mean digestibility of the organic matter was 62·6 % on the all-hay treatment and 81·8 % on the all concentrate treatment. The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in digestibility of the organic matter. Although intakes of nitrogen decreased with increase in the proportion of concentrate due to a decrease in the amount of dry matter fed, the weights of nitrogen retained were well maintained and when expressed as percentages of intake showed a significantly linear increase (P < 0·01).

Nutritional studies with sheep fed conserved ryegrass. 2. Silage supplemented with dried grass or barley

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Wernli ◽  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Studies

SummaryGrass silage (21.0 % D.M.) was given ad libitum to sheep together with supplements of rolled barley, dried-grass pellets or dried-grass wafers at 12 and 25 g organic matter (OM)/kg0·75.Intake of silage was greater with supplement at 12 g/kg0·75 but total intake of OM and digestible organic matter (DOM) increased with increasing supplement. Intake of OM was higher with the pellet supplement than with other supplements. Intake of DOM, however, did not differ between the pellet and barley treatments, but was lower with wafers.Concentrations of ammonia and total volatile fatty acids and the molar proportions of butyric and higher volatile fatty acids were higher when silage was supplemented with barley than with dried grass. Mean rumen retention times of silage and of supplement were highest in the barley-supplemented treatments. Dried-grass wafers were retained longer than dried-grass pellets. Supplement treatments did not differ significantly for eating and ruminating times, rumen fluid volume and pH, digestion rate in the rumen and nitrogen retention.At the low supplement rate silage consumption may have been controlled by factors associated directly with the silage, whereas at the high rate intake was limited either by physical factors or by the potential energy demand of the animals.

Effect of supplementary energy and protein feeding on the true digestion of grass-silage organic matter, cell walls and nitrogen estimated by the combined synthetic-fibre-bag method in cows

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomo Varvikko ◽  
Aila Vanhatalo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
The Individual

Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated non-lactating Finnish Ayrshire cows were used in a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square to study the effect of different concentrate supplements on the true partial and total-tract digestion (TTD) of grass silage, estimated by using the combined rumen-bag-intestinal-bag method. The cows were fed, at maintenance level, grass silage alone or supplemented with good-quality ground barley, ground barley and rapeseed meal, or ground barley and soybean meal. The determination of the proportion of grass silage degraded in the rumen (RD) was based on disappearance of feeds from nylon bags during the rumen incubation as a function of time, using the outflow rate of k = 0.0625. The intestinal digestion (ID) was estimated by the mobile-bag method with the residues that resisted degradation during the 16-h rumen incubation. Combination of these two was calculated to provide the TTD. Concentrate supplementation always caused a clear and consistent decline in rumen degradation and TTD of organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and Kjeldahl-N of grass silage but had no real influence on its ID. The type of concentrate, however, had only little effect. The average TTD of NDF was 16% lower than that of OM, but TTD of N was always very much higher than the respective value for OM. The results indicate that concentrate supplementation decreases the total-tract digestion of OM, cell walls and nitrogen of grass silage owing to impaired ruminal degradation. The combined bag method appears a convenient tool to provide digestion coefficients close to the true feed digestion of the individual feeds. Key words: Grass silage, nylon bag, mobile bag, combined bag, ruminal degradation, intestinal digestion, true digestion

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