Effect of Oriental Mustard ( ) Seed Meal for Control of Dollar Spot on Creeping Bentgrass ( ) Turf

itsrj ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Pan ◽  
Daniel T. Earlywine ◽  
Reid J. Smeda ◽  
Travis C. Teuton ◽  
James T. English ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Dollar Spot ◽  
Oriental Mustard

Evaluation of Oriental Mustard (Brassica juncea) Seed Meal for Weed Suppression in Turf

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Earlywine ◽  
Reid J. Smeda ◽  
Travis C. Teuton ◽  
Carl E. Sams ◽  
Xi Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Oriental Mustard ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Oriental mustard seed meal (MSM), a byproduct generated by pressing the seed for oil, exhibits herbicidal properties. In turfgrass, soil fumigants such as methyl bromide are used to control weeds prior to renovation of turf. Environmental concerns have resulted in deregistration of methyl bromide, prompting the need for alternatives. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of MSM on the establishment of selected turfgrass weeds as well as inhibitory effects on establishment of desirable turfgrasses. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 at the University of Missouri. MSM was amended in soil at 0, 1,350 (low), 2,350 (medium), and 3,360 kg ha−1(high) concentrations. Weed species included annual bluegrass, large crabgrass, buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed. Turfgrass species included: Rembrandt tall fescue, Evening Shade perennial rye, and Riviera bermudagrass. All species were seeded into soil amended with MSM and either tarped or left untarped. All treatments were compared to dazomet (392 kg ha−1), a synthetic standard. Plant counts and biomass of all species were recorded 4 wk after seeding. Overall, tarped treatments suppressed weed emergence 27 to 50% more compared to untarped treatments, except for large crabgrass. High rates of MSM suppressed emergence of all weeds ≥ 63%. Compared to the untreated control, the density of buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed was reduced by ≥ 42% at low rates of MSM. Biomass of buckhorn plantain, annual bluegrass, common chickweed, white clover, and large crabgrass was reduced from 37 to 99% at high rates of MSM. MSM at high rates reduced stand counts of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass up to 81% and 77% respectively, compared to the untreated control. Regardless of MSM rates or tarping, suppression of common bermudagrass emergence did not exceed 30%; tarped treatments actually increased bermudagrass emergence by 22%. The biomass for tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and bermudagrass was reduced by 85, 68, and 10%, respectively, at high rates of MSM. For tall fescue, MSM at all rates strongly suppressed seed germination by 7 d after planting (DAP) (up to 100%), with additional germination observed through 14 DAP, but not thereafter. In both trials, dazomet completely suppressed emergence of all weeds. MSM appears to suppress emergence and growth of a number of weeds common in turf, with potential selectivity for bermudagrass.

Cruciferous Oilseed Proteins: the Protein Bodies of Sinapis alba Seed

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 731 ◽  
Author(s):  
JTO Kirk ◽  
NA Pyliotis
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Intense Band ◽  
Ungerminated Seed ◽  
Protein Classes

The solubility properties of the proteins of oil-free meal of white mustard seed (S. alba) in various aqueous extraction media are described. Electrophoresis on cellulose acetate of a salt extract of the seed meal at pH 7.0 shows the presence of two positively charged protein bands: a slow moving intense band (I) and a less intense band with higher mobility (II). On the basis of Sephadex G100 chromatography and sedimentation behaviour, these bands are deemed to be identical with the two major protein classes (12 S and 1.7 S, respectively) present in this and other Brassica-related species, as described by other workers. Centrifugation after filtration of a seed meal homogenate yields a preparation that is completely soluble in salt solution, and can be shown by electron microscopy to consist entirely of protein body fragments. Only the 12 S protein can be detected in significant quantity in this preparation: this protein at least we may assume to be present in the aleurone (protein) grains observed in micrographs of the cotyledon cells. In germinating seeds, disappearance of protein bodies is accompanied by a diminution in total salt-soluble protein and in the amounts of the 12 S and 1.7 S proteins, supporting their identification as storage proteins. The rate of utilization is the same in the light and in the dark. Proteolytic activity was detected in the ungerminated seed. The level of activity was more than sufficient to account for the subsequent observed rate of protein utilization. Proteolytic activity per seed increased by only 40-70% during 4 days germination.

scholarly journals Residual Efficacy of Fungicides for Control of Dollar Spot on Creeping Bentgrass

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Latin
Keyword(s):  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Sclerotinia Homoeocarpa ◽  
Dollar Spot ◽  
Residual Efficacy ◽  
Bioassay Technique ◽  
Precipitous Decline ◽  
Field Plots

The duration of effective concentrations of fungicides for control of dollar spot on creeping bentgrass fairways was investigated using a bioassay technique. In each of three runs of the experiment, fungicide treatments were applied once to turf in replicated field plots; then, the plots were sampled periodically over 3 weeks by removing turf plugs from the field. The sampled plugs were placed in incubation containers and inoculated with sections from a 4-day-old colony of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa growing on potato dextrose agar. After a 96-h incubation period, the extent of pathogen growth on the turf plugs was measured. Results described a precipitous decline in effective concentration for all fungicide treatments beginning 7 to 10 days after application. The fungicides were only marginally effective at 14 days after application, and none provided any disease suppression at 21 days after application. The efficacy half-life (EHL) associated with four of the fungicides (chlorothalonil, iprodione, propiconazole, and thiophanate methyl) was estimated with two models. EHL estimates ranged from 6.1 to 15.2 days depending on the fungicide and the model. This research contributes to our knowledge of the duration of effective fungicide concentrations on creeping bentgrass and can provide insight for scheduling fungicide sprays for golf course fairways.

Geostatistical Analysis of Dollar Spot Epidemics Occurring on a Mixed Sward of Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass

Crop Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 1206-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Horvath ◽  
A. N. Kravchenko ◽  
G. P. Robertson ◽  
J. M. Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Geostatistical Analysis ◽  
Dollar Spot ◽  
Annual Bluegrass

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Isolates from Turfgrasses from Various Regions in North America

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 1269-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Viji ◽  
W. Uddin ◽  
N. R. O'Neill ◽  
S. Mischke ◽  
J. A. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
Major Group ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Sclerotinia Homoeocarpa ◽  
Dollar Spot ◽  
Geographical Regions

Sixty-seven isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, causing dollar spot disease in creeping bentgrass, annual bluegrass, Bermudagrass, and perennial ryegrass turf, collected from 23 golf courses in various geographical regions of the United States and Canada between 1972 and 2001, were characterized by vegetative compatibility, genetic diversity, and pathogenicity. Eleven vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs A to K) were identified among the isolates tested in this study, and five of them (VCGs G to K) were new. VCG B was the most predominant group, typifying 33 isolates (51%) tested. S. homoeocarpa isolates collected from golf courses in Pennsylvania belonged to seven VCGs (A, B, E, F, G, I, and K), whereas three groups were observed in those collected from New York (B, E, and G) and New Jersey (E, H, and I). Two isolates, one each from Pennsylvania and Canada, were incompatible when paired with the tester isolates in all possible combinations, and did not fall into any known VCG. An isolate collected from Canada was compatible with tester isolates from two VCGs (C and D). Genetic analyses using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) showed the presence of two genetically distinct groups, designated as major group and the minor group. The major group included 36 isolates collected from various golf courses in the United States and Canada. Two isolates collected from bermudagrass in Florida formed a separate cluster, the minor group. Isolates that belonged to the major group were further divided into two subgroups (1 and 2). Subgroup 1 consisted of all the isolates that belonged to VCGs A, E, G, H, and I. Three of the four isolates that belonged to VCG K also were clustered with isolates of subgroup 1. Subgroup 2 consisted of all the isolates from VCG B, and one each from VCGs F and K. Pathogenicity assays on Penncross creeping bentgrass showed significant differences (P = 0.05) in virulence among the isolates. Overall, a relationship between virulence and VCGs was observed, in which certain virulence groups corresponded to specific VCGs; however, such a relationship was not observed between virulence and AFLPs. Close similarity among isolates of S. homoeocarpa collected from different locations in the United States and Canada suggests that isolates of the same genotype could be involved in outbreaks of dollar spot epidemics at multiple locations.

scholarly journals Mowing Frequency and Plant Growth Regulator Effects on Dollar Spot Severity and on Duration of Dollar Spot Control by Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 1433-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander I. Putman ◽  
John E. Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Sclerotinia Homoeocarpa ◽  
Dollar Spot ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Residual Efficacy ◽  
The University ◽  
University Of Connecticut

Management of dollar spot (incited by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa) on golf course fairways is increasingly challenging. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of mowing frequency and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on dollar spot severity and on the residual efficacy of fungicides for control of dollar spot. Two 4-month-long studies were conducted on ‘Putter’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) maintained as a fairway at the University of Connecticut. Treatments were arranged in a three-by-three-by-five factorial that assessed the influence of mowing frequency (2, 4, or 6 days week–1) and PGRs (paclobutrazol, trinexapac-ethyl, or none) on dollar spot control by five fungicide treatments (boscalid, chlorothalonil, iprodione, propiconazole, or none). Turf was mowed in the afternoon hours to minimize the confounding effect of mowing frequency on leaf wetness duration. Treatments were initiated in the late spring of 2007 and 2008, and each fungicide treatment was reapplied only when dollar spot exceeded a threshold of five infection centers plot–1. In the absence of fungicides, dollar spot severity was reduced by 63 to 90% in plots treated with paclobutrazol and by 13 to 55% in plots treated with trinexapac-ethyl. Dollar spot severity was 23 to 50% lower in plots mown 2 days week–1 compared with those mown 6 days week–1. In cases where a significant interaction was observed between mowing frequency and PGRs, dollar spot was reduced on most rating dates in plots treated with trinexapacethyl that were mown 2 days week–1 compared with those mown 6 days week–1. Survival analysis of days until threshold was met revealed that duration of control of fungicides in plots receiving paclobutrazol were 28 to 84% longer compared with plots not receiving PGR. Duration of control by fungicides was generally similar between plots treated with trinexapac-ethyl and no PGR. In general, mowing frequency did not influence duration of control. Results from this study indicate that paclobutrazol could be used to increase the treatment interval of fungicides and that mowing frequency in the absence of dew is likely to have little influence on fungicide residual efficacy. When used without fungicides, PGRs and less frequent mowing may reduce dollar spot in situations where fungicide use is limited.

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