Water Movement within the Unsaturated Zone in Four Agricultural Areas of the United States

During the 20th century, the black population of the United States transitioned from largely rural to mostly urban. In the early 1900s the majority of African Americans lived in rural, agricultural areas. Depictions of black people in popular culture often focused on pastoral settings, like the cotton fields of the rural South. But a dramatic shift occurred during the Great Migrations (1914–1930 and 1941–1970) when millions of rural black southerners relocated to US cities. Motivated by economic opportunities in urban industrial areas during World Wars I and II, African Americans opted to move to southern cities as well as to urban centers in the Northeast, Midwest, and West Coast. New communities emerged that contained black social and cultural institutions, and musical and literary expressions flourished. Black migrants who left the South exercised voting rights, sending the first black representatives to Congress in the 20th century. Migrants often referred to themselves as “New Negroes,” pointing to their social, political, and cultural achievements, as well as their use of armed self-defense during violent racial confrontations, as evidence of their new stance on race.

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Detection of methane enhancements over the Eastern United States with improved TROPOMI retrievals

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-16074 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alba Lorente ◽

Tobias Borsdorff ◽

Joost aan de Brugh ◽

Andre Butz ◽

Mahesh Kumar Sha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

Mississippi River ◽

Land Surface ◽

Transport Model ◽

The United States ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Eastern United States ◽

Reference Measurements ◽

Agricultural Areas

The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) aboard of the Sentinel 5 Precursor (S5P) has provided methane measurements for more than two years. The high accuracy together with the exceptional spatial resolution (7 x 7 km2, 7 x 5.2 km2 since August 2019) and temporal coverage (daily) of TROPOMI provides a unique perspective on local to regional methane enhancements. In this contribution, we discuss observations of enhanced methane concentrations over the United States. We analyse in detail temporal and spatial variability of methane over wetlands and agricultural areas along the Mississippi river and in Florida. To understand the observed CH4 anomalies regarding both natural and anthropogenic sources and transport at regional scales, we support our analysis with simulations from the GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry and transport model. We also investigate the possibility to use other datasets as a proxy for CH4 emissions (e.g. NO2 for agricultural areas, land surface temperature for wetlands). These results are based on an improved TROPOMI methane product that features among others a new bias correction that is fully independent of any reference measurements. The verification of the TROPOMI XCH4 data with ground-based measurements by the TCCON network yields a station-to-station variability of the XCH4 error below 10 ppb, in agreement with the comparison with the proxy methane product from the Japanese GOSAT and GOSAT-2 missions. The improved TROPOMI methane product is planned as a future update of the operational TROPOMI processor.&#160;&#160;

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Between Confrontation and Cooperation: Right to Water Advocacy in the Courts, on the Streets, and at the Capitols in the United States

Water ◽

10.3390/w13243541 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 3541

Author(s):

Sabrina Kozikis ◽

Inga T. Winkler

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Human Rights ◽

Water Movement ◽

Civil Disobedience ◽

The United States ◽

Coalition Building ◽

Contamination Rate ◽

Water Crisis ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Human Right

Communities across the United States face a widespread water crisis including risks of contamination, rate increases, shut-offs for non-payment, and dilapidating infrastructure. Against this background, a right to water movement has emerged which has found its strength in coalition-building and collectivity. Activists demand change using the framing of “water is a human right”, socially constructing the right to water from below. Based on more than 25 semi-structured interviews with water advocates and activists, our article explores how movement participants used the human rights framework to advocate for clean and affordable water for all. We used political opportunity theory and conceptions of government “openness” and “closedness” to examine when and how advocates decided to use confrontational and cooperative approaches. We identified a push and pull of different strategies in three key spaces: in the courts, on the streets, and at the Capitols. Advocates used adversarial approaches including protests and civil disobedience, reliance on human rights mechanisms, and to a more limited extent litigation simultaneously with cooperative approaches such as engaging with legislators and the development of concrete proposals and plans for ensuring water affordability. This adaptiveness, persistence, and ability to identify opportunities likely explains the movement’s initial successes in addressing the water crisis.

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Predicting Unsaturated Zone Nitrogen Mass Balances in Agricultural Settings of the United States

Journal of Environmental Quality ◽

10.2134/jeq2009.0310 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 1051-1065 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Bernard T. Nolan ◽

Larry J. Puckett ◽

Liwang Ma ◽

Christopher T. Green ◽

E. Randall Bayless ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Unsaturated Zone ◽

The United States ◽

Mass Balances

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Corn and Cucurbits from Wetherill Mesa

Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology ◽

10.1017/s0081130000004470 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 136-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hugh C. Cutler ◽

Winton Meyer

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cucurbita Pepo ◽

The United States ◽

Bottle Gourd ◽

Lagenaria Siceraria ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Northern Arizona ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Slow Development ◽

Agricultural Areas

AbstractMost corn from the Mesa Verde area belongs to a complex derived from hybridization of a small-cobbed flint-pop corn with an 8-rowed flour corn. This cross produced 12- to 14-rowed flint and flour corn (the typical Basketmaker corn) and the variable Pima-Papago corn. After Pueblo I, probably late Pueblo II, there was an increase in the number of 8-rowed cobs and a decrease in 12- to 14-rowed cobs. The corn is similar to collections from sites of comparable age excavated in northern Arizona near Navajo Mountain. The uniformity and the slow development of corn types probably reflect peripheral conditions, especially adaptation to short growing seasons and limited cultural interchange.Practically all of the squash was Cucurbita pepo, the species which spread over all agricultural areas of the United States. There were a few specimens of Cucurbita mixta and of the bottle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria. Some rinds of the two species of Cucurbita gave evidence of their use for scrapers and containers, uses to which the bottle gourd is put almost exclusively in sites to the south. The rarity of the bottle gourd and the absence of seeds and plant parts of cotton suggest that these plants were rarely, if ever, grown in the region.

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Development and application of a regression equation for estimating the occurrence of atrazine in shallow ground water beneath agricultural areas of the United States

Scientific Investigations Report ◽

10.3133/sir20055287 ◽

2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Paul E. Stackelberg ◽

Robert J. Gilliom ◽

David M. Wolock ◽

Kerie J. Hitt

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Ground Water ◽

The United States ◽

Regression Equation ◽

Agricultural Areas

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Regression Models for Estimating Concentrations of Atrazine plus Deethylatrazine in Shallow Groundwater in Agricultural Areas of the United States

Journal of Environmental Quality ◽

10.2134/jeq2011.0200 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 479-494 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Paul E. Stackelberg ◽

Jack E. Barbash ◽

Robert J. Gilliom ◽

Wesley W. Stone ◽

David M. Wolock

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Regression Models ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

The United States ◽

Agricultural Areas

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Morphological Comparison of Morningglory (IpomoeaandJacquemontiaspp.) Populations from the Southeastern United States

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-07-198.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 692-698 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Charles T. Bryson ◽

Krishna N. Reddy ◽

Ian C. Burke

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Morphological Diversity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

The United States ◽

Internode Elongation ◽

Morphological Comparison ◽

Row Crops ◽

Pitted Morningglory ◽

Agricultural Areas ◽

Corolla Color

Morningglories are troublesome weeds in row crops and other agricultural areas throughout the United States. Plants of pitted morningglory, sharppod morningglory, and a fertile “hybrid” between pitted and sharppod morningglory (hybrid morningglory), were compared with cypressvine, ivyleaf, palmleaf, purple moonflower, red, and smallflower morningglories in greenhouse studies at Stoneville, MS. Plants from each of 76 accessions were studied for number of nodes to first internode elongation; stem color and pubescence; leaf area and dry weight of first four full expanded leaves; leaf blade pubescence on abaxial and adaxial surfaces and margins; leaf color, shape, and lobing; petiole length, color, and pubescence; sepal length, color, and pubescence; and corolla color, diameter, and length. Among these morningglories, the most diverse traits were pubescence and flower characteristics. Greatest morphological diversity was among hybrid morningglory accessions because characteristics were intermediate to pitted morningglory and sharppod morningglory accessions. Sharppod morningglory had five nodes to first internode elongation compared to three nodes in pitted and hybrid morningglory. Corolla color was white (90%) or white with faint pink veins (10%) in pitted morningglory, lavender (100%) in sharppod morningglory, and varied from pinkish lavender (45%), lavender (38%), white (12%), to white with pink veins (5%) in hybrid morningglory accessions. Pitted, red, and smallflower morningglory corolla diameters were not only smaller, but less variable in size than cypressvine, hybrid, ivyleaf, palmleaf, purple moonflower, and sharppod morningglories. Corolla diameter and lengths were most variable in sharppod morningglory accessions when compared to other morningglory accessions. The sepal tip shape was broader (broadly acute to obtuse) in palmleaf and sharppod than in hybrid, pitted, or other morningglories (acute to narrowly acute). In future studies, these morphological traits will be compared to determine if any are correlated with glyphosate sensitivity.

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