scholarly journals ISO 9000: New Form of Protectionism or Common Language in International Trade?

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Clougherty ◽  
Michal Grajek
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Iso 9000 ◽  
Common Language ◽  
New Form

Private home, artistic stage: the circulation and display of interior dreamscapes

2018 ◽  
pp. 106-151
Author(s):  
Anca I. Lasc
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Decorative Arts ◽  
Wishful Thinking ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Popular Entertainment ◽  
Paris Opera ◽  
Interior Spaces ◽  
New Form ◽  
Private Homes

Pierre-Luc Cicéri, chief decorator at the Paris Opéra, also established a career as interior decorator and educator of students that treated interior spaces as three-dimensional images and artworks in their own right. Cicéri’s followers helped push the art of fantasy architecture to a new level, creating a new form of art and popular entertainment around the “ideal home.” Exhibited at the Salon and at a variety of universal and decorative arts exhibitions as well as published in expensive, luxury folios and reprinted in cheaper, popular editions, the “interior dreamscapes” by Cicéri’s followers disseminated the interior for interior’s sake. The domestic interior could be admired, collected, hidden inside cabinets, or reappropriated as an object of contemplation for private walls. The same images functioned as two-dimensional blueprints for the construction of three-dimensional settings and as advertising schemes for the artists that produced and popularized them, furthering interest in and creating a common language about the appearance of the modern, private home. The chapter ultimately argues that wishful thinking and vicarious identification with the - often missing - owners of the model interiors made available through these means and furtively perused in private homes helped create a professional niche that would soon be occupied by the interior designer.

scholarly journals Effect of Forest Certification on International Trade in Forest Products

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1270
Author(s):  
Jiaojiao Chen ◽  
Lanhui Wang ◽  
Lingchao Li ◽  
Juliana Magalhães ◽  
Weiming Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Trade Barrier ◽  
Forest Certification ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Barrier Effect ◽  
Competitive Effect

Forest certification plays an important role in the global trade of legal, sustainably harvested timber. There is no accurate definition of how international forest certification systems impact international trade from a global perspective. This paper is intended to evaluate the influence of forest certification on international trade, so that it can provide a scientific basis for the improvement of the international forest certification systems and for the development of relevant forestry industries in different countries. First, the influence of forest certification on international trade of forest products is explained in the economic model; hence, four hypotheses are put forward. Second, to test these hypotheses, we verify the panel data of bilateral trade and forest certification of all forest products among 67 economies from 2009 to 2018 by incorporating forest certifications into the gravity model. Finally, tests by country groups and product groups were further analyzed, respectively. The results show that: (1) The extended Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPML) estimation solves the problem of the heteroscedasticity and zero trade value problems of the gravity model well in the forest industry. (2) Forest certification has an export competitive effect, a trade barrier effect, as well as common language effect. (3) Forest certification has asymmetric trade effects. The export competitive effect of forest certification in developing countries is greater than that in developed countries. Forest certification has become a trade barrier for developing countries, especially in the process of trade with developed countries. The common language effect is higher during the trade between developed and developing countries. The export competitive effect of wood products is higher than that of furniture products. Forest certification has trade barrier effect on wood products in developing countries, while it has trade barrier effect on furniture products in developed countries.

The Administration of the Vocabulary of International Trade: The Adaptation of WTO Schedules to Changes in the Harmonized System

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1481-1512
Author(s):  
Isabel Feichtner
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
The World

A common language is indispensible for reaching and maintaining understanding in all inter-subject relations, including international relations. One element of today's common language in the field of international trade in goods is the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (the Harmonized System/HS) which is maintained by the World Customs Organization (WCO). The HS provides for a common vocabulary by classifying all traded goods according to a nomenclature. This common vocabulary facilitates, and avoids misunderstandings in, communications about products. It thus reduces transaction costs and consequently is of eminent economic importance for today's globalized trade relations. Take for example WTO tariff negotiations with respect to chocolate: While one party might assume that the product commonly referred to as white chocolate is included in the negotiations on chocolate, the other trading partner might assume that it is excluded for the reason that it does not contain cocoa and thus does not qualify as chocolate. Reference during the negotiations to specific positions of the HS nomenclature reduces the probability of such misunderstandings. If during the exemplary tariff negotiations parties would refer to the HS heading Chocolate no party could later claim that the negotiated tariff should also apply to white chocolate since the HS classifies the product which is commonly referred to as white chocolate under the heading Sugar Confectionary (and there under a specific sub-position) whereas chocolate containing cocoa is classified under the heading Chocolate. The vocabulary of the Harmonized System is a point of reference for many legal norms which relate to international trade in goods – in my example the legal obligation to comply with the negotiated tariff concession (Art. II GATT) and not to discriminate against like products (Art. I, III GATT). While the HS provides the vocabulary, these norms provide the grammar of a common language of international trade.

scholarly journals Same Same But Different: Dialects and Trade

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Lameli ◽  
Jens Südekum ◽  
Volker Nitsch ◽  
Nikolaus Wolf
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Common Language ◽  
National Context ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Local Dialect

Abstract Language is a strong and robust determinant of international trade patterns: Countries sharing a common language trade significantly more with each other than countries using different languages, holding other factors constant. In this article we present the first analysis of the effect of language on trade in an intra-national context. Analyzing unique data for a single-language country, Germany, we find that similarities in the local dialect have a significantly positive impact on regional trade. We interpret this finding as evidence for the trade-promoting effect of culture, because linguistic similarities likely reflect cultural ties across regions, rather than lower costs of communication or similar institutions.

scholarly journals Dokumentai – inherentiškas kokybės vadybos sistemos elementas

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Lina Markevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Total Quality Management ◽  
Iso 9000 ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Organization Management ◽  
Surplus Value ◽  
Operating Level ◽  
General Quality ◽  
Production Relations

Ekonomikos globalizacija, tarptautiniø prekybiniø ir gamybiniø santykiø plëtra kasdien kelia vis didesnius kokybës reikalavimus. Rinkos dalyviai, reaguodami á ðiuos pokyèius, ieðko bûdø ne tik uþtikrinti, bet ir virðyti ðiuos reikalavimus. Organizacijos yra nevarþomos pasirinkti, kaip siekti kokybës – diegti ISO 9000 serijos standartus ar taikyti visuotinës kokybës vadybos nuostatas. Visuotinë kokybës vadyba vertinama kaip viena efektyviausiø organizacijos valdymo formø, o ISO 9000 serijos standartø populiarumà lemia operacinio organizacijos lygmens optimizavimo galimybës ir tarptautiniu mastu pripaþástamas sertifikatas, liudijantis organizacijos pastangas siekti kokybës. Taèiau ISO 9000 standartai daþnai yra ir kritikuojami – esà jie lemia biurokratijos apraiðkas, bet ne tobulëjimà. Kritikà ðiuo aspektu skatina ir tai, kad visuotinës kokybës vadybos teorija nereglamentuoja dokumentacijos bûtinumo. Ðio straipsnio tikslas – ávertinti, ar kokybës vadybos poþiûriu dokumentai kuria pridedamàjà vertæ ar yra tik savitikslë, á sertifikato ágijimà orientuota veikla*. Documents – an inherent element of the quality management systemLina Markevičiūtė SummaryEvery day the globalization of economics, the expansion of international trade and production relations are raising the requirements of higher quality. Reacting to these changes, the participants of the market are looking for the ways not only to ensure but also to transcend these requirements. Organizations are free to choose how to reach the quality – to instill the ISO 9000 series standards or to apply Total Quality Management regulations. Total Quality Management is estimated as one of the most efficient forms of organization management, and the popularity of ISO 9000 series standards is conditioned by the optimization possibilities of organization operating level and the internationally recognized certificate which proclaims the organization attempts to reach the quality. However, ISO 9000 standards are often criticized – purportedly they determine the manifestation of bureaucracy but not the improvement. Criticism on this aspect is fostered by the fact that the theory of general quality management does not regulate the necessity of documentation. The aim of the article is to assess whether the documents, from the quality management viewpoint, generate this surplus value or are only selfobjective activity towards obtaining the certificate.

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