The Administration of the Vocabulary of International Trade: The Adaptation of WTO Schedules to Changes in the Harmonized System

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1481-1512
Author(s):  
Isabel Feichtner
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
The World

A common language is indispensible for reaching and maintaining understanding in all inter-subject relations, including international relations. One element of today's common language in the field of international trade in goods is the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (the Harmonized System/HS) which is maintained by the World Customs Organization (WCO). The HS provides for a common vocabulary by classifying all traded goods according to a nomenclature. This common vocabulary facilitates, and avoids misunderstandings in, communications about products. It thus reduces transaction costs and consequently is of eminent economic importance for today's globalized trade relations. Take for example WTO tariff negotiations with respect to chocolate: While one party might assume that the product commonly referred to as white chocolate is included in the negotiations on chocolate, the other trading partner might assume that it is excluded for the reason that it does not contain cocoa and thus does not qualify as chocolate. Reference during the negotiations to specific positions of the HS nomenclature reduces the probability of such misunderstandings. If during the exemplary tariff negotiations parties would refer to the HS heading Chocolate no party could later claim that the negotiated tariff should also apply to white chocolate since the HS classifies the product which is commonly referred to as white chocolate under the heading Sugar Confectionary (and there under a specific sub-position) whereas chocolate containing cocoa is classified under the heading Chocolate. The vocabulary of the Harmonized System is a point of reference for many legal norms which relate to international trade in goods – in my example the legal obligation to comply with the negotiated tariff concession (Art. II GATT) and not to discriminate against like products (Art. I, III GATT). While the HS provides the vocabulary, these norms provide the grammar of a common language of international trade.

scholarly journals South America's biophysical involvement in international trade: the physical trade balances of Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil in the light of ecologically unequal exchange

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Dorninger ◽  
Nina Eisenmenger
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
South America ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Core ◽  
Unequal Exchange ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
Processed Products

International trade is becoming increasingly important in the strategies of industrialized economies ('core' countries) to meet their physical needs and maintain their social metabolism. Less industrialized ('non-core') countries, in particular those with low population densities such as countries in South America, provide a large share of the natural resources currently being used by the 'core' countries. This article analyzes the relations of biophysical exchange of Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil with global 'core' and 'non-core' countries in order to add to a discussion of possible relations of different national economic policies, such as import substituting industrialization or neoliberal adjustment, on the countries' physical trade balances (PTBs). By that we will provide a biophysical reading of ecologically unequal exchange; by investigating whether there is a physical net trade flow from 'non-core' to 'core' countries, whether primary products dominate exports of 'non-core' countries in exchange for processed products from 'core' countries, and whether the notion of unfavorable mass-to-price relation for the trading 'non-core' countries applies (Hornborg 2012; Martinez-Alier 2007). The magnitudes, type of material, stage of processing and monetary value of the traded goods are analyzed for the time period from 1962 to 2011. The evaluations have been carried out for trade relations with the 'core' and the 'non-core' countries separately. Additionally, in order to trace the so-called China Effect, which led to the period of new extractivism, the quantities exported to China are shown separately. The results indicate that the three countries examined are net exporters of physical quantities. The physical involvement in 'core'- and 'non-core'-related international trade differs greatly, but at the same time the relative importance of the 'core' as trading partner has decreased steadily over the five decades. Still, 'core'-related trade involves the most unfavorable mass-to-price relation. These conditions, i.e. high importance of unprocessed export commodities, low average unit prices, and an unfavorable monetary trade balance (MTB), reveal many characteristics of an ecologically unequal exchange. This is especially true for Argentina and Brazil. Due to its lower economic performance and limited involvement in international trade, Bolivia to some extent represents an exception.Keywords: Ecologically unequal exchange, physical trade balance, South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil.

scholarly journals Revising Emission Responsibilities through Consumption-Based Accounting: A European and Post-Brexit Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Fezzigna ◽  
Simone Borghesi ◽  
Dario Caro
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
The World ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

International trade shifts production of a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions embodied in traded goods from the importing country to the exporting country. The European Union (EU) plays a prominent role in the flow of international-related emissions as it accounts for the second largest share of global exports and imports of goods. Consumption-based accountings (CBA) emerged as alternative to the traditional emission inventories based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. According to the IPCC criteria, countries where products are consumed take no responsibility for the emissions produced by exporter countries, thus neglecting the emissions embodied in trade. By taking this aspect into account, CBA are considered of great importance in revealing emissions attributed to the final consumer. Using a CBA approach, this paper evaluates the impact of international trade in the EU in terms of CO2 emissions, looking both at the internal trade flows within the EU-28 and at the external trade flows between the EU and the rest of the world during the period 2012–2015. We find that the EU is a net importer of emissions as its emissions due to consumption exceed those due to production. In particular, in 2015 the ratio between import- and export-embodied emissions was more than 3:1 for the EU-28 that imported 1317 Mt CO2 from the rest of the world (mainly from China and Russia) while exporting only 424 Mt CO2. Concerning emissions flows among EU countries, Germany represents the largest importer, followed by the UK. To get a deeper understanding on possible environmental implications of Brexit on UK emission responsibilities, the paper also advances a few hypotheses on how trade flows could change based on the existing trade patterns of the UK. Data analysis shows that a 10% shift of UK imports from EU partners to its main non-EU trading partners (India, China, and US) would increase its emission responsibility by 5%. The increase in UK emission responsibility would more than double (+11%) in case of a 30% shift of UK imports. Similar results would apply if UK replaced its current EU partners with its main Commonwealth trading partners as a result of Brexit.

scholarly journals F. Springer: diplomaat-skrywer

Literator ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
W. F. Jonckheere
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Third World ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Foreign Service ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Unique Structure ◽  
Administrative Efficiency ◽  
The World

F. Springer, pseudonym of Dutch ex-diplomat Corel Jan Schneider, fills a unique position in the present-day Dutch literary scene in that the action of his prose works is usually not situated in the Netherlands but mostly in exotic places where Schneider was posted to as an employee of the Dutch foreign service. Having Java as his place of birth and Dutch New Guinea as his first place of assignment, quite a few of his earlier stories and short novels focus on the fateful encounter between Western administrative efficiency or approach to colonial life and Eastern (mainly primitive) ways of living. As a sceptic, Springer views the while man's colonial administration as futile scribbling in the margins of history'. Springer's main works are the novels Bougainville, noted for its unique structure, and Quissama, a gripping evocation of postcolonial Angola. In these and other of his texts Springer regards writing as a way of making his existence more bearable and keeping misery, encountered in all third world countries, at a distance in order not to be engulfed by it. He also views it as his expression of opposition against the world of make believe and the deception of modern diplomacy and international trade relations.

Feasibility of ‘Covering Values’ in Transnational Commercial Law: Article 79 of the cisg and the ‘Impediment’

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-207
Author(s):  
Akshay Shreedhar
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Commercial Law ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Common Values ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Neutral Term ◽  
Force Majeure ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Cultures

The coming together of the world, through globalization, international trade and cross border sales has led to an inevitable interaction between different cultures and different laws. Transnational commercial law has seen numerous instruments created to impose a ‘neutral’ set of norms on two contracting parties. The process of formation of such instruments is most certainly an exercise in comparative law influenced by the notions of pluralism, whereby different legal norms are compared. As such, this comparison, like most comparisons in comparative law, endeavours to find common values in varying concepts. Yet, it ignores the fundamental flaws inherent in such a comparison. The resulting ‘covering value’ is seemingly neutral, and yet travels beyond its intended scope. This paper will present an example of the classic ‘force majeure’ defence to contractual breaches, in transnational commercial law, and how its neutral term ‘impediment’ is evidence of the practical non feasibility of ‘covering values’.

scholarly journals Who Will Establish New Trade Relations? Looking for Potential Relationship in International Nickel Trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 11681
Author(s):  
Qiaoran Yang ◽  
Zhiliang Dong ◽  
Yichi Zhang ◽  
Man Li ◽  
Ziyi Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Link Prediction ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Uneven Distribution ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
China And India ◽  
Potential Relationship ◽  
The World

Nickel ore sand and its concentrate are the main sources of raw nickel materials in various countries. Due to its uneven distribution throughout the world, the international trade of nickel ore sand is also unstable. Looking for potential links in the changing international nickel ore trade can help governments find potential partners, make strategic preparations in advance, and quickly find new partners when original trade relationships break down. In this paper, we build an international nickel ore trade network using a link prediction method to find potential trade relations between countries. The results show that China and Italy, China and Denmark, China and Indonesia, and China and India are most likely to establish trade relations within five years. Finally, according to the research results, suggestions regarding the international nickel ore trade are proposed.

Perdagangan Internasional (Studi Komparasi Perdagangan Internasional Konvensional dan Islam)

AKADEMIKA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-172
Author(s):  
Achmad Lubabul Chadziq
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
International Trade ◽  
World Production ◽  
World Community ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract: The people welfare of a country is not only dependent on individuals making trade transactions abroad, but on the macro level, the government alsohas a greater contribution to promote and prosper the people of its country, one of which is through international trade or popularly known as exports and imports. International trade is part of macroeconomics that specifically discusses the relationship between a country and another country in allocatingresources or production factors available in each country. The existence of international economic and trade relations is very useful in order to achieve theprosperity of the world community. Efforts to increase efficiency in the utilization of world production factors as a whole are the targets of international economic and trade activities.

Features of “Soft Power” in the Eurasian Economic Union and the Role of Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Markushina
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Eurasian Region

The chapter is devoted to the problem of the formation of “soft power” in the Eurasian space. All attempts to find a common language between states in the world lead to the fact that an appeal to “soft power” appears more and more often on the states' agenda as a tool of achieving the goals of the states, including the states of Eurasian region. The concept of “soft power”, introduced into the circulation of the modern theory of international relations by J. Nye, is being actively discussed in Russia. In recent years, President V. Putin and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia S. Lavrov were repeatedly called upon to multiply the Russian resource of “soft power” for solving foreign policy tasks. Undoubtedly, this is also valid when we speak about Eurasian integration.

scholarly journals Notes on the Trade Relations between China and European Union (2008-2016)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria de Fátima S C Previdelli ◽  
Luiz Eduardo S de Souza
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Wto Accession ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

China is the second largest economy and the biggest exporter in the world. Its growth in 2016 reached 6.7% and it is expected that China may be in the way to become the world's largest economy by the end of this decade , with an internal market of over two billion Euro in potential consumers . China's rise as a major global economy was driven by its WTO accession in 2001 which allowed the opening of its economy. This led China to establish itself as a major global trader and largest world exporter. These notes outline a history of recent trade relations between China and the European Union, discussing its evolving dynamics and volume in international trade.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ELECTRONIC COMMERCE IN THE PERIOD OF MODERN CHALLENGES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Hryniuk ◽  
Yaroslav Nikolaiev ◽  
Oksana Borysova
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Electronic Market ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
World Community ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
World Economic

The current trend in the development of the world community in the face of challenges and threats is the search for the most rational ways to increase the competitiveness of economies. Against the background of the pandemic and isolation, international trade is extremely important and dynamic as a form of the system of international relations and, at the same time, an instrument of integration and communication of states and economic entities. The paper systematizes the theoretical, scientific and practical achievements of foreign and domestic scientists on this issue, summarizes the role and importance of e-commerce from the standpoint of world experience. It also notes the prospects for growth of the electronic market of Ukraine against the background of current trends and challenges. The conclusions contain a vision of prospects and proposals for the development of e-commerce in Ukraine in order to strengthen the competitive position of the state in the European and world economic space.

The Causes of Poverty in the Periphery

1971 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justinian F. Rweyemamu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Alternative Formulation ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
External Sector ◽  
Policy Proposals

In a recent article in this Journal, Vol. VII, No. 4, December 1970, on ‘Developing Countries and International Trade’, Leslie Stein attempts to provide an alternative explanation of the international relations between the developed and underdeveloped countries. He asserts that I argued, in my earlier discussion of ‘International Trade and the Developing Countries’ in Vol. VII, No. 2, July 1969, that the existing trade relations between the centre and the periphery are ‘a major cause’ of the latter's poverty. Consequently, I was led to recommend measures leading to less reliance on the external sector and, more specifically, a programme of ‘heavy industrialisation’. Since Dr Stein feels not only that my policy proposals are detrimental to the interests of the periphery, but also that the statistical findings and the theoretical discussions from which they are derived contain both errors and omissions, he is led to propose an alternative formulation of the international division of labour, which, in his view, benefits the periphery.

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