Decision, Uncertainty and Cooperation: A Behavioral Interpretation Based on Quantum Strategy

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Kong ◽  
Fei Xu

Author(s):  
Paul Stoneman ◽  
Eleonora Bartoloni ◽  
Maurizio Baussola

This chapter explores the factors that affect the firm’s decision to undertake product innovation. The discussion encompasses the driving forces that encourage product innovation, for example innovation by others or the ageing of an existing product line; however, the basic rationale is the search for profits. The chapter also addresses decisions about: the extent of innovation in general; horizontal and vertical product innovations separately; and the location of innovations in product space. The role of market structures in the product innovation decision, uncertainty in the innovating environment, and issues relating to emulation and copying are also addressed. Constraints to product innovation that survey data indicate are most important—innovation costs, risk and finance, and the availability of qualified labour—are also addressed.



Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1443
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Dong ◽  
Ai-Guo Wu

In this paper, we extend the quantum game theory of Prisoner’s Dilemma to the N-player case. The final state of quantum game theory of N-player Prisoner’s Dilemma is derived, which can be used to investigate the payoff of each player. As demonstration, two cases (2-player and 3-player) are studied to illustrate the superiority of quantum strategy in the game theory. Specifically, the non-unique entanglement parameter is found to maximize the total payoff, which oscillates periodically. Finally, the optimal strategic set is proved to depend on the selection of initial states.



2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. S55
Author(s):  
Ju-Chi Yu ◽  
Vincenzo Fiore ◽  
Richard Briggs ◽  
Jacquelyn Braud ◽  
Katya Rubia ◽  
...  




2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabet Jacobsen ◽  
Simon Sawhney ◽  
Miriam Brazzelli ◽  
Lorna Aucott ◽  
Graham Scotland ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Early and accurate acute kidney injury (AKI) detection may improve patient outcomes and reduce health service costs. This study evaluates the diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness of NephroCheck and NGAL (urine and plasma) biomarker tests used alongside standard care, compared with standard care to detect AKI in hospitalised UK adults. Methods A 90-day decision tree and lifetime Markov cohort model predicted costs, quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) from a UK NHS perspective. Test accuracy was informed by a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Clinical trial and observational data informed the link between AKI and health outcomes, health state probabilities, costs and utilities. Value of information (VOI) analysis informed future research priorities. Results Under base case assumptions, the biomarker tests were not cost-effective with ICERs of £105,965 (NephroCheck), £539,041 (NGAL urine BioPorto), £633,846 (NGAL plasma BioPorto) and £725,061 (NGAL urine ARCHITECT) per QALY gained compared to standard care. Results were uncertain, due to limited trial data, with probabilities of cost-effectiveness at £20,000 per QALY ranging from 0 to 99% and 0 to 56% for NephroCheck and NGAL tests respectively. The expected value of perfect information (EVPI) was £66 M, which demonstrated that additional research to resolve decision uncertainty is worthwhile. Conclusions Current evidence is inadequate to support the cost-effectiveness of general use of biomarker tests. Future research evaluating the clinical and cost-effectiveness of test guided implementation of protective care bundles is necessary. Improving the evidence base around the impact of tests on AKI staging, and of AKI staging on clinical outcomes would have the greatest impact on reducing decision uncertainty.



2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Wilfridus Muga

This paper aims at investigating how video-assisted quantum learning design improves the learning achievement on psychomotor aspect. This paper is constructed of review of related literature, deep investigation on journal articles and related empirical studies. Quantum teaching is an instructional design which integrates arts and feasible goals in all subjects. Quantum teaching is a shift in learning condition where interaction and interrelationship are used to maximize learning condition. In its relation to improve learning desire, a motivated and interesting media is highly needed. Video as media is integrated in the quantum strategy to maximize learning achievement particularly on the psychomotor aspect. Video contains audio, visual, and messages in form of concepts, principle, procedure, theories, application to help learners understanding a particular topic. These forms of messages are all delivered through the audio and visualisation simultaneously.



2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Ledenyov ◽  
Viktor Ledenyov
Keyword(s):  


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