Evidence on the Economic Consequences of Marriage Equality and LGBT Human Rights

AbstractThis article argues that Spain has been the driving external force in the advancement of LGBT rights in Latin America, from marriage in Argentina to the regional recognition of “sexual diversity rights” as human rights. Acting as “norm entrepreneurs,” Spanish activists and organizations, relying on development aid, have promoted their perspectives through two approaches: strategic consulting and resource transfer. Their diffusion is illustrated primarily by the Argentine case. There, activists underwritten by Spanish resources have borrowed Spanish strategies to achieve “the same rights with the same names.” Besides broadening our understanding of the struggle for LGBT equality in Latin America, this article deepens the explanation of norm diffusion, focusing on emergence. In this stage, specific individuals and organizations deliberately select appropriate “targets” for and moments of intervention. But norm “receptors” must also be ready for action.

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China's engagement in Africa: scope, significance and consequences

The Journal of Modern African Studies ◽

10.1017/s0022278x06001856 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 459-479 ◽

Cited By ~ 231

Author(s):

Denis M. Tull

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

African State ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

International Strategy ◽

The Political ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Political Consequences ◽

The Past ◽

Debt Cancellation ◽

Recent Developments

China's vastly increased involvement in Africa over the past decade is one of the most significant recent developments in the region. It appears to contradict the idea of international marginalisation of Africa and brings significant economic and political consequences. China's Africa interest is part of a recently more active international strategy based on multipolarity and non-intervention. Increased aid, debt cancellation, and a boom in Chinese-African trade, with a strategic Chinese focus on oil, have proven mutually advantageous for China and African state elites. By offering aid without preconditions, China has presented an attractive alternative to conditional Western aid, and gained valuable diplomatic support to defend its international interests. However, a generally asymmetrical relationship differing little from previous African–Western patterns, alongside support of authoritarian governments at the expense of human rights, make the economic consequences of increased Chinese involvement in Africa mixed at best, while the political consequences are bound to prove deleterious.

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The Contemporary Significance of International Human Rights Law

Leiden Journal of International Law ◽

10.1017/s0922156509005792 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 217-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

THOMAS BUERGENTHAL

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Large Scale ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

International Human Rights Law ◽

Human Rights Law ◽

International Human Rights ◽

Gradual Loss ◽

Substantial Progress ◽

Protection Of Human Rights ◽

International Human

AbstractJudge Buergenthal argues that the increased acceptance by states of international human rights obligations proclaimed in UN and regional treaties, reinforced by the jurisprudence of international and regional tribunals, accounts for the substantial progress that has been made in the protection of human rights throughout the world. The resultant political significance of international human rights law and the international community's growing expectation of compliance with that law explain why states engaging in large-scale human rights violations increasingly risk serious political and economic consequences for such practices. A state's continuing non-compliance with its international human rights obligations tends also to lead to the gradual loss by its government of the national and international legitimacy it needs in order to govern, which may in time contribute to its fall.

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Can international law protect half of humanity? A new strategy to stop violence against women

Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research ◽

10.1108/jacpr-12-2013-0036 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 88-100

Author(s):

Riane Eisler

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

International Law ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

Rome Statute ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Crimes Against Humanity ◽

Content Type ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

New Strategy ◽

Women And Girls

Purpose – The Rome Statute, especially Article 7 on Crimes against Humanity, and the principle of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) apply to widespread violations of human rights that a State fails to prohibit or protect against. Yet far too little attention has been paid to systemic crimes that take the lives of many millions of women and girls every year. The purpose of this paper is to detail a proposal to use international law to hold governments and/or their agents accountable when they fail to protect the female half of humanity from widespread and egregious crimes of violence. Design/methodology/approach – To accelerate the movement to make women's human rights a global priority, it examines: first, expanding the interpretation of the Rome statute, particularly Article 7 – Crimes against Humanity. Second, where necessary, amending the statute to include gender in addition to race and ethnicity. Findings – Seven crimes and their personal, social, and economic consequences are analyzed, and legal remedies are detailed: selective female infanticide and denial to girl children of food and health care; the sex trade and sexual slavery; female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C); domestic violence (from murder in the name of honor and bride burning to acid throwing and battery); rape; child marriage and forced marriage. Originality/value – This paper explores a new approach for use by scholars, attorneys, and human rights activists to end the global pandemic of violence against the female half of humanity by invoking the Rome Statute and/or amending it to protect women and girls. It provides a new legal and sociological analysis.

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Protecting the rights of LGBTIQ people around the world: Beyond marriage equality and the decriminalisation of homosexuality

Alternative Law Journal ◽

10.1177/1037969x20986658 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1037969X2098665

Author(s):

Paula Gerber ◽

Senthorun Raj ◽

Cai Wilkinson ◽

Anthony Langlois

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Marriage Equality ◽

Same Sex ◽

High Profile ◽

The World ◽

Sexual Conduct ◽

The Many ◽

Rights Issues

Discussions about the human rights of LGBTIQ people tend to centre around two vastly different issues, namely, marriage equality and the criminalisation of same-sex sexual conduct. However, looking only at these two high-profile issues ignores the many pressing concerns facing LGBTIQ people around the world. This article identifies and analyses eight other human rights issues that urgently need addressing, in order to respect the rights of LGBTIQ people across the globe.

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The economic consequences of decriminalizing sex work in Washington, DC

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.673 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

A Srsic ◽

K Dubas-Jakóbczyk ◽

E Kocot

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Economic Impact ◽

Sex Work ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Income Tax ◽

Justice System ◽

Health Sector ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Tax Revenue ◽

Sex Worker

Abstract Background Under repressive policies, sex workers are at disproportionate risk for violence, HIV, and sexually transmitted infections. The decriminalization of sex work between consenting adults provides increased social and health benefits to both sex workers and society at large. Proponents of decriminalization advocate for these added human rights; this is the first research that complements these arguments with a quantifiable economic impact of such a law and a model for future calculations. This research assesses the potential economic consequences of decriminalizing sex work in the District of Columbia (DC) in three areas: (1) income tax revenue, (2) criminal justice system savings, and (3) health sector savings (violence, HIV, gonorrhea, and herpes). Methods An economic model is developed and utilized based on a literature review and records from local and federal agencies. Results The decriminalization of sex work in DC will generate $5,191.61 per sex worker and $2.49 per client annually, plus an additional $20,118.17 in total criminal justice system savings a year. Per sex worker, $4,906.39 will be gained from income tax revenue, and $285.46 will be generated through health sector savings. Per client, decriminalization will generate $0.05, $2.28, and $0.16 from HIV, gonorrhea, and herpes respectively, or $8,311.67 annually after considering the total number of clients. Estimates are reported in 2019 US dollars. Conclusions The potential economic impact of decriminalizing sex work is widespread. In DC, this legislation should be implemented to not only promote the city's human rights but also economic growth. The presented model, in conjunction with a rights-based foundation, should urgently be used by advocates, sex workers, decision-makers, and other researchers. Key messages An economic analysis of a policy to decriminalize sex work in DC demonstrates its widespread economic impact across sectors. The economic model generated in this research should be utilized in other regions to strengthen human rights-based arguments in support of these policies.

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Decisionism and Humanitarian Intervention: Reinterpreting Carl Schmitt and the Global Political Order

Alternatives Global Local Political ◽

10.1177/030437540503000403 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 443-460 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Steven C. Roach

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Human Rights ◽

Theoretical Analysis ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Political Order ◽

Carl Schmitt ◽

The Political ◽

International Level ◽

Political Dynamics ◽

Humanitarian Interventions

International legal scholars and political scientists have devised many alternative proposals to legalize politically legitimized humanitarian interventions. While many of these alternative legal mechanisms have addressed the limits to the UN Charter and the political and economic consequences of intervention, they also have exposed the need for more theoretical analysis of the shift in political responsibilities and decision making from the state to international level. In this article, I draw on Carl Schmitt's theory of decisionism in order to understand the legitimacy and political dynamics of global decisionism. I argue that more theoretical analysis of the political substance of global authority is needed in order to understand the revolutionary content of a human rights enforcement regime.

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