scholarly journals A WTO Safe Harbour for the Dolphins: The Second Compliance Proceedings in the US – Tuna II (Mexico) Case

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Baroncini ◽  
Claire Brunel
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Juan Fernando López Aguilar

Desde los primeros capítulos de la construcción europea con el Tratado de Roma (1957) que cumple 60 años, la jurisprudencia dictada por el Tribunal de Justicia ha sido determinante para la dimensión constitucional del ordenamiento comunitario. En una secuencia de decisiones históricas, el TJ ha afirmado su primacía, eficacia vinculante y su unidad garantizando su interpretación y aplicación uniforme, pero también, sobre todo, los derechos fundamentales dimanantes de las tradiciones constitucionales comunes como fuente del Derecho europeo (principios generales). Esta doctrina se consolida en Derecho positivo, al fin, con la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Lisboa (TL) en 2009, incorporando el TUE, el TFUE, y, relevantemente, la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales de la UE (CDFUE) con el «mismo valor jurídico que los Tratados» y, consiguientemente, parámetro de validez de todo el Derecho derivado, así como de enjuiciamiento de la compatibilidad de la legislación de los EE.MM con el Derecho europeo.La doctrina del TJUE sobre derechos fundamentales ha sido su proyección sobre la protección de datos en el marco de los derechos a la vida privada, a la privacidad frente a la transferencia electrónica de datos y al acceso a la tutela judicial de estos derechos (art. 7, 8 y 47 CDFUE). En ella conjuga los principios de reserva de ley (respetando su contenido esencial) y de proporcionalidad y necesidad de las medidas que les afecten. Pero, además, esta doctrina ha adquirido un impacto decisivo en la articulación jurídica de la relación transatlántica entre la UE y EEUU, confrontando los estándares de protección de datos a ambos lados del Atlántico e imponiendo garantías de un «nivel de protección adecuado» para los ciudadanos europeos. Este artículo examina el impacto de dos recientes sentencias relevantes del TJ —Asunto Digital Rights Ireland (2014) y Asunto Schrems (2015)— sobre el Derecho derivado (Directiva de Conservación de Datos de 2006, Directiva de Protección de Datos de 1995, y Decisión de «adecuación» de la Comisión Europea de 2000) y sobre instrumentos de Derecho internacional (Acuerdo Safe Harbour) entre la UE y EEUU. Impone, como consecuencia, no sólo una negociación que repare las deficiencias detectadas en ambas resoluciones sino una actualización del Derecho europeo (nuevo Data Protection Package en 2016) y una novedosa Ley federal de EEUU que por primera vez ofrece a los ciudadanos europeos acceso al sistema de recursos judiciales ante los tribunales estadounidenses en la defensa del derecho a la protección de datos (Judicial Redress Act, 2016).Right from the first very chapters of the European construction under the Treaty of Rome (1957), which turns 60 this year 2017, the jurisprudence by the Court of Justice has truly been decisive to shape the constitutional dimension of the European Community legal order. In a series of historical decisions, the CJEU has affirmed its primacy, its binding efficacy and unity, while guaranteeing its uniform interpretation and implementation. But it has also, above all, enshrined the fundamental rights resulting from the common constitutional traditions as a source of European Law (i.e general principles). This legal doctrine has been ultimately consolidated in positive Law, finally, with the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon (TL) in 2009, incorporating the TEU, the TFEU and, most notably, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (CFREU) with the «same legal value as the Treaties». Charter Fundamental Rights have turned to be, consequently, a parameter for examining the validity of secondary EU legislation, as well as for scrutinizing and reviewing the standard of compatibility of the national legislation of EU Member States with European law. The legal doctrine of the ECJ on fundamental rights has been particularly relevant in its impact on the data protection in the framework of the rights to privacy, privacy with regard to the electronic data transfer, and access to judicial protection of these rights (art. 7, 8 and 47 CFREU). It combines the principles of reservation of law (in due respect of its essential content) as well as proportionality and necessity for legislative measures that might affect them. But, moreover, this doctrine has had a decisive impact on the legal articulation of the so-called transatlantic partnership between the EU and the US, confronting data protection standards on both sides of the Atlantic and imposing guarantees of an «adequate level of protection» for all European citizens. This paper explores the impact of two recent relevant decisions by the ECJ — its rulings on Digital Rights Ireland case (2014) and on the Schrems case (2015) — upon the secondary EU legislation (Data Retention Directive of 2006, Data Protection Directive of 1995, and the «adequacy» Decision of the European Commission of 2000), as well as upon International Law instruments (Safe Harbour Agreement) between the EU and the US. It imposes, as a consequence, not only a negotiation that remedies the shortcomings detected in both decisions, but also a compelling updating of European law itself (new Data Protection Package in 2016) and a new US federal law, which, for the first time ever, provides European citizens with access to judicial remedies in U.S. Courts in defending their right to data protection (Judicial Redress Act, 2016).


10.5912/jcb69 ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J Raubicheck ◽  
Barry S White ◽  
Thomas J Kowalski ◽  
Daniel G Brown ◽  
Amy Leahy ◽  
...  

There was a question as to the value of research tool patents; for instance, whether practising such patents for preclinical research would be within the research exemption of the US Patent Statute. The Federal Circuit in Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd v Merck kgaA held that the preclinical research in issue was not within the safe harbour of the research exemption, breathing life into research tool patents; but vacated the damages award because it appeared to have been influenced by hindsight knowledge that a valuable drug candidate had emerged. Integra is thus good news and bad news for owners of patents relating to discovery tools.This paper is not to be considered opinions of Frommer Lawrence & Haug LLP or any of the firm's clients; and nothing in this paper is to be considered as legal advice, a substitute for legal advice, or as positions/strategies, etc taken/employed in, or suitable for, any particular case or set of facts.


2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1779-1805
Author(s):  
Danijela Vrbljanac

Not many areas of European law proved themselves as controversial as data protection. The only case in which this issue could become more debatable is if personal data crosses EU borders. The transfer of personal data to third countries proved its disputed status when the CJEU invalidated the Safe Harbour Agreement, one of the frameworks for the transfer of personal data to the US and several more came under the CJEU’s scrutiny, including the Safe Harbour Agreement’s successor, the Privacy Shield Agreement. It has been suggested that some of these instruments for transfer need to be repealed or amended in order to be brought in conformity with the GDPR. The paper, after analysing each of the grounds for transfer which may be used by EU companies, argues that regardless of the recent entry into force of the GDPR, the data protection “revolution” is still not complete, at least as far the transborder data flows are concerned.


Author(s):  
Kyung-Sin Park

This chapter compares the intermediary liability rules of six major Asian countries and highlights how there seems to be confusion on their nature, although the commentators of all countries describe their respective rules as ‘safe harbours’ resembling section 512 of the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The chapter describes how China and South Korea inadvertently created a liability-imposing rule instead of a liability-exempting rule. Further, the chapter reviews India and Japan’s statutes that set out liability-exempting regimes closely resembling the EU e-Commerce Directive. India’s 2011 Intermediary Guidelines generate a strong cloud of obligations on intermediaries that threatens to convert the whole system into a liability-imposing one. However, that threat had an impact on the jurisprudence with the 2013 Shreya Singhal decision making the Indian system one of the world’s safest harbours. This chapter further discusses the importance of distinguishing between a liability-imposing rule and a liability-exempting one in the light of other Asian examples. Indonesia’s safe harbour draft regulation announced in December 2016 seems to move towards the dangerous model of both China and South Korea. Malaysia’s copyright notice and takedown appears to follow the US model closely but has a structure that allows the same misunderstanding made by South Korean regulators.


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-215
Author(s):  
Elisa Baroncini ◽  
Claire Brunel

AbstractSubsequent to the 2016 modifications concerning the strengthening of the administrative requirements on dolphin-safety outside the ETP fishery zone, the second WTO compliance proceedings have finally found the US Dolphin-Safe labelling scheme compatible with the multilateral trade system. We provide an overview of the long-running US–Mexico dispute and assess the final findings of the WTO adjudicators attempting to determine the effects of the multilateral litigation on the involved non-trade values and the real winners of the case. We find an improvement in dolphin protection, though more could be achieved through a qualification of the US measure under the principle of sustainable development also contemplated in the Preamble of the WTO Agreement, as well as an enhancement on consumer information, since declaration of dolphin-safety may now be better monitored and enforced through the new discipline for non-Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean tuna products. However, we also observe that with no change to the appearance of the label or an informational campaign, the improved credibility of the label may hardly be passed-through to the average consumer. Furthermore, despite an increase in the stringency of the regulation for their competitors, Mexican producers do not gain greater access to the US and instead have been diversifying towards other markets. We then highlight that the Appellate Body missed an opportunity to reinforce the transparency of the system by supporting the first-ever decision to grant partially open panel meetings.


2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 54-70
Author(s):  
João Marques

Safe Harbour (Henceforth, SH) has been the main enabler of EU-US personal data transfers since Decision 2000/520/EC came into force. Initially, Safe Harbour was seen as an innovative solution to a difficult problem. However, the problems the agreement was created to solve were never remedied. Thus, it did not come as a surprise that the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter, CJEU), in Case C-362/14 (the Schrems ruling), deemed the agreement invalid. In the story “And he built a crooked house”, the infamous ‘crooked house’, designed by Robert A. Heinlein’s character Quintus Teal, mirrors SH’s flawed design. It also exemplifies the fact that great innovations can fail if not thought through carefully. Although the Schrems ruling’s scope does not go beyond Decision 2000/520/EC, it will force European Data Protection Agencies to look deeper into alternative data transfer mechanisms and possibly, consider transfers to jurisdictions other than the US. Furthermore, this decision highlights the fact that if any progress on this front is going to be made going forward regarding personal data transfers, any solution(s) would have to be made at a global level. This paper will provide an overview of the implications of the CJEU ruling on data transfers between the EU and the US going forward.


Subject The US data encryption debate post-Paris. Significance The increased use of 'strong encryption' technology by tech companies has renewed fears among law enforcement officials that user data will 'go dark' and become inaccessible to investigators. In the wake of the November 13 Paris attacks, US law enforcement officials have called for tech companies to enable government agencies to bypass strong encryption, including by building 'back doors' into software. However, this debate has significant commercial implications, particularly for US tech companies attempting to retain market share among increasingly privacy-orientated customers in the United States and abroad. Impacts US law enforcement efforts to circumvent encryption may hinder renegotiation of the US-EU 'Safe Harbour' agreement. UK adoption of the draft Investigatory Powers Bill enhancing government data access may boost similar US efforts. The encryption debate may undermine the Obama administration's efforts to set international rules for other technologies, such as drones.


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