scholarly journals Phosphodiesterase inhibition in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: current status and potential

2014 ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindi Miller
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibition ◽  
Autoimmune And Inflammatory Diseases

scholarly journals Viral-derived complement inhibitors: current status and potential role in immunomodulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 242 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Abou-El-Hassan ◽  
Hassan Zaraket
Keyword(s):  
Complement System ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Complement Proteins ◽  
Complement Inhibitors ◽  
Autoimmune And Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
The Complement System

The complement system is one of the body’s major innate immune defense mechanisms in vertebrates. Its function is to detect foreign bodies and promote their elimination through opsonisation or lysis. Complement proteins play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of several disorders. However, excessive complement activation does not confer more protection but instead leads to several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. With inappropriate activation of the complement system, activated complement proteins and glycoproteins may damage both healthy and diseased tissues. Development of complement inhibitors represents an effective approach in controlling dysregulated complement activity and reducing disease severity, yet few studies have investigated the nature and role of novel complement inhibitory proteins of viral origin. Viral complement inhibitors have important implications in understanding the importance of complement inhibition and their role as a promising novel therapeutic approach in diseases caused by dysregulated complement function. In this review, we discuss the role and importance of complement inhibitors derived from several viruses in the scope of human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

scholarly journals Complement-Related Proteins and Their Measurements: The Current Status of Clinical Investigation

Nephron ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Katsuki Ohtani
Keyword(s):  
Complement System ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Complement Factor ◽  
Complement Factors ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Autoimmune And Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Related Proteins

Complement has been considered to be a factor that protects the host against invading microorganisms during infection. However, in recent years, complement-related protein deficiency has been found to be involved in the onset of various diseases, such as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In Japan, C3, C4, and CH50 tests were generally performed only when a complement system examination was necessary and there were not enough examinations for other complement factors. Since the complement system has a very complicated activation pathway, at present, it is not well known which molecule must be measured to understand the pathological condition or pathogenesis in complement-related diseases. Furthermore, since the frequency of complement factor gene alleles also differs depending on race, data from foreign countries cannot be directly applied to Japanese populations. Under these circumstances, the Japanese Association for Complement Research (JACR) has prepared approximately 20 items for complement-related examinations, including the 5 categories of functional analysis, complement factors, complement regulators, activation products, and autoantibodies.

scholarly journals Selective Targeting of Epigenetic Readers and Histone Deacetylases in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ghiboub ◽  
Ahmed M. I. Elfiky ◽  
Menno P. J. de Winther ◽  
Nicola R. Harker ◽  
David F. Tough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histone Deacetylases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Selective Inhibition ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Autoimmune And Inflammatory Diseases

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and bromodomain-containing proteins (BCPs) play a key role in chromatin remodeling. Based on their ability to regulate inducible gene expression in the context of inflammation and cancer, HDACs and BCPs have been the focus of drug discovery efforts, and numerous small-molecule inhibitors have been developed. However, dose-limiting toxicities of the first generation of inhibitors, which typically target multiple HDACs or BCPs, have limited translation to the clinic. Over the last decade, an increasing effort has been dedicated to designing class-, isoform-, or domain-specific HDAC or BCP inhibitors, as well as developing strategies for cell-specific targeted drug delivery. Selective inhibition of the epigenetic modulators is helping to elucidate the functions of individual epigenetic proteins and has the potential to yield better and safer therapeutic strategies. In accordance with this idea, several in vitro and in vivo studies have reported the ability of more selective HDAC/BCP inhibitors to recapitulate the beneficial effects of pan-inhibitors with less unwanted adverse events. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances with these strategies, discussing advantages and limitations of these approaches as well as some therapeutic perspectives, focusing on autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Roles of XBP1s in Transcriptional Regulation of Target Genes

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 791
Author(s):  
Sung-Min Park ◽  
Tae-Il Kang ◽  
Jae-Seon So
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Autoimmune And Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Active Transcription ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response

The spliced form of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) is an active transcription factor that plays a vital role in the unfolded protein response (UPR). Under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unspliced Xbp1 mRNA is cleaved by the activated stress sensor IRE1α and converted to the mature form encoding spliced XBP1 (XBP1s). Translated XBP1s migrates to the nucleus and regulates the transcriptional programs of UPR target genes encoding ER molecular chaperones, folding enzymes, and ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) components to decrease ER stress. Moreover, studies have shown that XBP1s regulates the transcription of diverse genes that are involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and immune responses. Therefore, XBP1s has been considered an important therapeutic target in studying various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. XBP1s is involved in several unique mechanisms to regulate the transcription of different target genes by interacting with other proteins to modulate their activity. Although recent studies discovered numerous target genes of XBP1s via genome-wide analyses, how XBP1s regulates their transcription remains unclear. This review discusses the roles of XBP1s in target genes transcriptional regulation. More in-depth knowledge of XBP1s target genes and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in the future will help develop new therapeutic targets for each disease.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document