The Biological Role of Glycerol in Yeast Cells. Yeast as Glycerol Producers

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 6-16
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Role ◽  
Hyperosmotic Stress ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Glycerol Production ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Literature Material ◽  
Microaerophilic Conditions

This review contains information about the physiological role of glycerol as an osmoprotective and cryoprotective factor in the vital activity of yeast cells. The significance of the glycerol biosynthesis in yeast when cultured under anaerobic and microaerophilic conditions is shown. The dependence of the glycerol production by yeast on the cultivation conditions and the composition of nutrient media is discussed. The publications on glycerol production by various taxonomic yeast groups have been analyzed. Based on the studied literature material, prospects of using yeast organisms as producers of glycerol by fermentation are predicted. glycerol, yeast, hyperosmotic stress, fermentation

scholarly journals Loss of Compartmentalization Causes Misregulation of Lysine Biosynthesis in Peroxisome-Deficient Yeast Cells

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 978-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Breitling ◽  
Orzala Sharif ◽  
Michelle L. Hartman ◽  
Skaidrite K. Krisans
Keyword(s):  
Microarray Data ◽  
Zellweger Syndrome ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Lysine Biosynthesis ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Beta Oxidation ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
Active Concentration

ABSTRACT To characterize the metabolic role of peroxisomes in yeast cells under physiological conditions, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of published microarray data. Previous studies of yeast peroxisomes have mainly been focused on the function of peroxisomes under extreme conditions, such as growth on oleate or methanol as the sole carbon source, and may therefore not be representative of the normal physiological role of yeast peroxisomes. Surprisingly, our analysis of the microarray data reveals that the only pathway responding to peroxisome deficiency in mid-log phase is lysine biosynthesis, whereas classical peroxisomal pathways such as beta-oxidation are unaffected. We show that the upregulation of lysine biosynthesis genes in peroxisome-deficient yeasts shares many characteristics with the physiological response to lysine starvation. We provide data that suggest that this is the result of a “pathological” stimulation of the Lys14p transcriptional activator by the pathway intermediate aminoadipate semialdehyde. Mistargeting of the peroxisomal lysine pathway to the cytosol increases the active concentration of aminoadipate semialdehyde, which is no longer contained in the peroxisome and can now activate Lys14p at much lower levels than in wild-type yeasts. This is the first well-documented example of pathway misregulation in response to peroxisome deficiency and will be useful in understanding the phenotypic details of human peroxisome-deficient patients (Zellweger syndrome).

scholarly journals Impact of alanyl-tRNA synthetase editing deficiency in yeast

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (17) ◽  
pp. 9953-9964
Author(s):  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Jiang Wu ◽  
Zhihui Lyu ◽  
Jiqiang Ling
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Trna Synthetase ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Heat Sensitivity ◽  
General Amino Acid Control ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Physiological Impact

Abstract Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are essential enzymes that provide the ribosome with aminoacyl-tRNA substrates for protein synthesis. Mutations in aaRSs lead to various neurological disorders in humans. Many aaRSs utilize editing to prevent error propagation during translation. Editing defects in alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AlaRS) cause neurodegeneration and cardioproteinopathy in mice and are associated with microcephaly in human patients. The cellular impact of AlaRS editing deficiency in eukaryotes remains unclear. Here we use yeast as a model organism to systematically investigate the physiological role of AlaRS editing. Our RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomics results reveal that AlaRS editing defects surprisingly activate the general amino acid control pathway and attenuate the heatshock response. We have confirmed these results with reporter and growth assays. In addition, AlaRS editing defects downregulate carbon metabolism and attenuate protein synthesis. Supplying yeast cells with extra carbon source partially rescues the heat sensitivity caused by AlaRS editing deficiency. These findings are in stark contrast with the cellular effects caused by editing deficiency in other aaRSs. Our study therefore highlights the idiosyncratic role of AlaRS editing compared with other aaRSs and provides a model for the physiological impact caused by the lack of AlaRS editing.

scholarly journals Multicellular Stalk-Like Structures inSaccharomyces cerevisiae

1998 ◽  
Vol 180 (15) ◽  
pp. 3992-3996 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Engelberg ◽  
Avishai Mimran ◽  
Horacio Martinetto ◽  
Joel Otto ◽  
Giora Simchen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Uv Response ◽  
Elevated Frequency ◽  
Yeast Mutants

ABSTRACT Stalk formation is a novel pattern of multicellular organization. Yeast cells which survive UV irradiation form colonies that grow vertically to form very long (0.5 to 3.0 cm) and thin (0.5 to 4 mm in diameter) multicellular structures. We describe the conditions required to obtain these stalk-like structures reproducibly in large numbers. Yeast mutants, mutated for control of cell polarity, developmental processes, UV response, and signal transduction cascades were tested and found capable of forming stalk-like structures. We suggest a model that explains the mechanism of stalk formation by mechanical environmental forces. We show that other microorganisms (Candida albicans, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, andEscherichia coli) also form stalks, suggesting that the ability to produce stalks may be a general property of microorganisms. Diploid yeast stalks sporulate at an elevated frequency, raising the possibility that the physiological role of stalks might be disseminating spores.

Physiological Role of Cyclic Electron Flow in Higher Plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Wei HUANG ◽  
Shi-Bao ZHANG ◽  
Kun-Fang CAO
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Cyclic Electron Flow

The Renal Outer Medullary Potassium Channel (ROMK): An Intriguing Pharmacological Target for an Innovative Class of Diuretic Drugs

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 2627-2636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Calderone ◽  
Alma Martelli ◽  
Eugenia Piragine ◽  
Valentina Citi ◽  
Lara Testai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Role ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Diuretic Activity ◽  
First Line ◽  
Potassium Homeostasis ◽  
Diuretic Drugs ◽  
Pharmacological Target ◽  
Diuretic Agents ◽  
Effective Drugs

In the last four decades, the several classes of diuretics, currently available for clinical use, have been the first line option for the therapy of widespread cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases. Diuretic drugs generally exhibit an overall favourable risk/benefit balance. However, they are not devoid of side effects. In particular, all the classes of diuretics cause alteration of potassium homeostasis. <p> In recent years, understanding of the physiological role of the renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channels, has shown an intriguing pharmacological target for developing an innovative class of diuretic agents: the ROMK inhibitors. This novel class is expected to promote diuretic activity comparable to (or even higher than) that provided by the most effective drugs used in clinics (such as furosemide), with limited effects on potassium homeostasis. <p> In this review, the physio-pharmacological roles of ROMK channels in the renal function are reported, along with the most representative molecules which have been currently developed as ROMK inhibitors.

scholarly journals Caspase-14—From Biomolecular Basics to Clinical Approach. A Review of Available Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5575
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Markiewicz ◽  
Dawid Sigorski ◽  
Mateusz Markiewicz ◽  
Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek ◽  
Waldemar Placek
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Search Term ◽  
Caspase Family ◽  
Skin Conditions ◽  
Theoretical Science

Caspase-14 is a unique member of the caspase family—a family of molecules participating in apoptosis. However, it does not affect this process but regulates another form of programmed cell death—cornification, which is characteristic of the epidermis. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in the formation of the skin barrier. The cell death cycle has been a subject of interest for researchers for decades, so a lot of research has been done to expand the understanding of caspase-14, its role in cell homeostasis and processes affecting its expression and activation. Conversely, it is also an interesting target for clinical researchers searching for its role in the physiology of healthy individuals and its pathophysiology in particular diseases. A summary was done in 2008 by Denecker et al., concentrating mostly on the biotechnological aspects of the molecule and its physiological role. However, a lot of new data have been reported, and some more practical and clinical research has been conducted since then. The majority of studies tackled the issue of clinical data presenting the role of caspase in the etiopathology of many diseases such as retinal dysfunctions, multiple malignancies, and skin conditions. This review summarizes the available knowledge on the molecular and, more interestingly, the clinical aspects of caspase-14. It also presents how theoretical science may pave the way for medical research. Methods: The authors analyzed publications available on PubMed until 21 March 2021, using the search term “caspase 14”.

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