Diuretic activity of thick extract and flavonoids of fruits of the Filipendula Ulmaria (L.) Maxim.

Objectives comparative study of the diuretic activity of a thick extract of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. fruits and flavonoids spireoside and quercetin isolated from Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. fruits by column chromatography. Material and methods. The extractum spissum was obtained by extracting the fruits of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. using 70% ethyl alcohol, followed by vacuum evaporation. Spireoside and quercetin were isolated from the fruits of meadowsweet by the method of column chromatography with further purification by recrystallization. The isolated flavonoids were identified using 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, UV spectroscopy, several chemical transformations, and thin-layer chromatography. The thick extract from the fruits of meadowsweet, and also flavonoids spireoside and quercetin were investigated for diuretic activity in albino rats. Results. The thick extract of the fruits of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. at a dose of 50 mg/kg significantly increases diuresis for 4 and 24 hours. At the same time, significant diuretic activity of spireoside was detected only at a dose of 10 mg/kg in the experiment, when diuresis was studied for 4 and 24 hours. Quercetin at a dose of 5 mg/kg increases the daily diuresis of laboratory animals. Conclusion. A extractum spissum of the fruits of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. shows diuretic activity at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 4 and 24 hours of the experiment. Spireoside has diuretic activity at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 4 and 24 hours of the experiment. Quercetin at a dose of 5 mg/kg has the ability to increase diuresis for 24 hours of the experiment. The fruits of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. appear to be a promising source of medicines.

Evaluation of Diuretic activity of Fractional Extracts of Ajuga remota Benth (Lamiaceae) in Albino mice

The present study was evaluated the in vivo diuretic activity of fractional extracts of A. remota in albino mice. The dried aqueous crude extracts were subjected to soxhlet extraction by n-butanol, methanol and water solvents. The mice were randomly divided into eleven groups with 8 mice in each. All fractions were administered orally at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg to adult male mice, and the positive and negative controls were treated with furosemide (10 mg/kg, p.o) and the vehicle distilled water (2 ml/100 gm of body weight) respectively. The diuretic effect of the extracts was evaluated by measuring urine volume, urinary electrolytes and urinary pH. The result indicates that aqueous and methanolic fractions at 1000 mg/kg dose produced significant (p<0.001) increase in urine output and electrolyte excretion (p<0.001) when compared to control. Additionally, potassium sparing activity (27%, p<0.05) and high natriuretic index (2.7-3.03) were produced by the n-butanol fraction relatively even if it showed minimal effect on urine output. Therefore, from the present study it may be concluded that the compounds present in methanolic and aqueous fraction are responsible for diuretic activity. This finding together with previous results on the aqueous crude extracts provides a quantitative basis for developing a new diuretic medicine from A. remota plant.

EVALUATION OF NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF KATAKABEEJA YOGA AGAINST ASPIRIN-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN WISTAR RATS

Drug-induced toxicity is the major concern in the present Era, particularly with Hepato and Nephrotoxicity. Drug- induced renal failure (RF) accounted for 20% in India. As there is an increasing number of potent therapeutics drugs like – NSAID's (Aspirin), Antibiotics, chemotherapy agents etc. Katakabeeja Yoga is mainly indicated in Prameha Chikitsa according to Yogaratnakar. Kataka (Strychnos potatorum. Linn) is Vishaghna, Ashmari, Prameha, Visha etc. Kataka - Independently have potent Antioxidant, Osmotic diuretic activity. Hence the pre- sent study was aimed to evaluate the Nephroprotective activity of Katakabeeja Yoga against Aspirin-induced Ne- phrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Katakabeeja Yoga was prepared after authenticating procured raw drugs and analyzed for preliminary physicochemical, organic and inorganic tests. Either sex Wistar rats weighing 150 – 200 g were selected and randomized into three groups (each group 6 no.) like Normal, Aspirin-induced, or Katakabeeja Yoga treated. Toxicity with Aspirin 100mg/kg orally for 15 days. In the treated group Katakabeeja yoga 0.216g (216mg) was received after administration of Aspirin for 15 days and sacrificed on the 16th day. Before and end of the study, the blood sample was collected for estimation of biomarkers like Serum Creatinine, urea and electro- lytes. The kidney was kept in a 10% formalin solution and sent for histopathology studies. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple post hoc procedures. The Aspirin group showed a significant rise in se- rum Creatinine, and urea followed by a decrease the urine output. Katakabeeja Yoga significantly reduced the serum Creatinine and urea followed by an increase in the urine output may have Katakabeeja potent antioxidant, osmotic diuretic activity. The study established that Katakabeeja Yoga possesses a durable Nephroprotective ef- fect against Aspirin-induced Nephrotoxicity. Keywords: Nephroprotective, Kataka, Nephrotoxicity

A Phenolic Compound of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Stem of Syzygium aqueum and its Diuretic Activity

Guava (Syzygium aqueum), a typical Indonesian crop plant, has diuretic properties. Plants used as diuretic medicines can also be valuable sources for endophytic fungi containing diuretic drugs. The aims of this study were to isolate and identify endophytic fungi from S. aqueum stems, to isolate their secondary metabolites, and to conduct in vivo tests of the diuretic activity of an endophytic fungus extract on white male rats of the Wistar strain. Endophytic fungi were isolated by a direct plating method, and fungal isolates were identified molecularly. A phenolic compound was isolated by chromatography, and the chemical structure was identified spectroscopically. Doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW were administered to white male rats divided into six groups (normal control, negative control, positive control, and the three treatment groups). Diuretic tests included urine volume; sodium, chloride, and calcium electrolyte levels; and pH. Phylogenetic analysis identified the endophytic fungal isolate as Trichoderma ghanense (isolation code SA1). The secondary metabolite isolated from the T. ghanense extract was a phenolic compound. Diuretic tests using the endophytic fungus extract showed the highest urine volume with a dose of 300 mg/kg BW. The diuretic test results showed an increase in urine volume and levels of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in the urine. The extract of T. ghanense isolated from the stem of S. aqueum has the potential as initial therapy for hypertension because it contains phenolic secondary metabolites that show diuretic activity.

Gut Microbiota of Pigs Metabolizes Extracts of Filipendula ulmaria and Orthosiphon aristatus–Herbal Remedies Used in Urinary Tract Disorders

Urinary tract infections influence the mortality rate in pigs and are linked to extensive antibiotic usage in the farm industry. Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. and Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. are widespread medicinal plants traditionally used to treat urinary tract disorders. As their preparations are orally administered, the metabolism of their constituents by gut microbiota before absorption should be considered. Until now, no experiments had been performed to describe the biotransformation of tthose plantsʼ extracts by animal gut microbiota. The study evaluates the influence of pig intestinal microbiota on the structure of active compounds in flowers of F. ulmaria and leaves of O. aristatus. The incubations of the extracts with piglet gut microbiota were performed in anaerobic conditions, and the samples of the batch culture were collected for 24 h. In F. ulmaria, the main metabolites were quercetin and kaempferol, which were products of the deglycosylation of flavonoids. After 24 h incubation of O. aristatus extract with the piglet gut microbiota, 2 main metabolites were observed. One, tentatively identified as 3-(3-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, is likely the primary metabolite of the most abundant depsides and phenolic acids. The results confirm the formation of the compounds with anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity in the microbiota cultures, which might suggest F. ulmaria and O. aristatus for treating urinary tract disorders in piglets. Based on the similarities of human and pig gut microbiota, the pig model can help estimate the metabolic pathways of natural products in humans.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DIURETIC ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT PLANT SOURCES USED AS MORAT [CONTROVERSIALAYURVED PLANT]

Morat is considered as a signicant medicinal plant in the Indian system of medicine [Ayurveda] as it is very effective in various Urinary disorders. Under the name of Morat, botanical identity such as Leea macrophylla Roxb., Saccharum officinarum L., Alangium lamarkii Thw. Marsdenia tenacissima Wight. & Arn., Maerua arenaria Hook, Chonemorpha macrophylla (Roxb) G. Don are considered as they exhibit same medicinal properties. The purpose of this work was to differentiate the plants which are known as Morat by determining and comparing their diuretic activity by Lipschitz method. Two positive control Furosemide (standard drug) & Cystone (herbal plant compound) were compared. The effect on electrolytes changes and urine output were measured. In the result, decoction of all plants has shown diuresis except M. tenacissima. In inter comparison C. macrophylla decoction produced most signicant diuresis & excretion of electrolytes. This suggest that use of C. macrophylla root as “Morat”; most effective diuretic plant.

Comparative Study of different Solvent Extract of Plectranthus amboinicus Stem for their Diuretic Activity

Diuresis can be beneficial in removing toxins from the body. Globally traditional and folklore medicines plays a vital role in health care services. Plectranthus amboinicus belongs to Lamiaceae family is an Indian medicinal plant which has been utilized traditionally to treat various diseases. However, there is no systematic methodology for the use of Plectranthus amboinicus stem as a diuretic. Hence the present study is proposed to evaluate the diuretic activity of various solvent extract of Plectranthus amboinicus stem in the rat model. The acute toxicity study was performed in albino mice by fixed-dose method (OECD guidelines number 425) of CPCSEA. The diuretic activity was carried out using the Lipschitz method. The total urine volume collected in 24hours was observed. Sodium, potassium and chloride concentration in urine were also recorded. The ionic concentrations were recorded calorimetrically. Acute toxicity study proved no toxicity and mortality in any of the animal up to the dose of 2000mg/kg bodyweight. All three extracts of Plectranthus amboinicus have exhibited dose-dependent diuretic activity by increasing urine volume and excreting sodium ions in urine. The urine pH was also elevated. From the study, it can be concluded that the plant Plectranthus amboinicus could be considered as a diuretic agent. This current study encourages the use of this plant in folk medicine. Further study is required for isolation, characterization and formulation of the active constituents responsible for its diuretic activity.

QSAR analysis and molecular docking study of pyrrolo- and pyridoquinolinecarboxamides with diuretic activity

The aim. The aim of the study was to reveal QSAR and ascertain the possible mechanism of action via docking study in the row of tricyclic quinoline derivatives with diuretic activity. Materials and methods. Pyrrolo- and pyridoquinolinecarboxamides with proven diuretic activity were involved in the study. Molecular descriptors were calculated using HyperChem and GRAGON software, and QSAR models were built using BuildQSAR software. For receptor-oriented flexible docking, the Autodock 4.2 software package was used. Results. Multivariate linear QSAR models were built on two datasets of quinolinecarboxamides: Vol = a∙X1 + b∙X2 + c∙X3 + d, where Vol – volume of the daily produced urine in rats, Xi – molecular descriptor. QSAR analysis showed that the diuretic activity is determined by the geometric and spatial structure of molecules, logP, the energy values, RDF- and 3D-MoRSE-descriptors. Based upon internal and external validation of the models, the most informative two-parameter linear QSAR model 3а was proposed. Docking data showed the high affinity of two lead compounds to the carbonic anhydrase II. Conclusions. QSAR analysis of tricyclic quinoline derivatives revealed that the diuretic activity increases with the increase of value of logP, refractivity, and dipole moment and with the decrease of volume, surface area, and polarization of the molecules. Increase of values of such energy descriptors as bonds energy, core-core interaction, and energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital results in higher diuresis; decrease in hydration energy leads to higher diuretic activity. Based upon molecular docking calculation, the mechanism of diuretic action is proposed to be carbonic anhydrase inhibition. QSAR models and docking data are useful for in-depth study of diuretic activity of tricyclic quinolines and could be a theoretical basis for de novo-design of new diuretics

Aegle marmelos (L.) (Bael): A Systematic Review

Aegle marmelos is a plant in the Rutaceae family that is one of the most significant in the medicinal field due to its properties. Bilwa is used to treat a variety of medical problems. Since the time of the dinosaurs, this plant has existed. The plant contains a variety of pharmacological qualities, including wound healing, antipyretic potential, antidiarrheal activity, Diuretic activity, Ulcer healing, and more. Antithyroid activity, Immunomodulatory activity, Antifungal activity, Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Radioprotective effect, Contractile activity, Antiarthritis activity, Analgesic activity, Cytoprotective effectuate-constipating effect. Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Vitamins, Coumarins, Tannins, Carbohydrates, Flavonoids, Fatty Acids, Essential Oils, and other miscellaneous chemicals are among the identified constituents. This study summarises information about the A. marmelos' morphology, distribution, phytochemistry, traditional uses, and biological activity. Keywords: Aegle marmelos, Phytochemistry, morphology, pharmacological properties.