Factors associated with complications in higher order compared to lower order repeat

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Tahira Akhtar ◽  
◽  
Aahsann Kazemi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Order ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Factors Associated

The Effect of Activated Higher-order Goals on Emotional Responses in Lower-order Activities

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunyoung Oh ◽  
Daniel Cervone ◽  
Taeho Ham ◽  
June Yum
Keyword(s):  
Lower Order ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Higher Order

READING EXERCISES FOR VIII GRADE STUDENTS BASED ON BLOOM’S TAXONOMY

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Intan Permata Sari And Indra Hartoyo
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Bloom's Taxonomy ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Bloom’S Taxonomy

This study is aimed at (1) analyzing reading exercises based Bloom’s taxonomy for VIII grade in English on Sky textbook. (2) Found the distribution of the lower and higher order thinking skill in reading exercises. (3) To reason for level reading exercises. After analyzed the data, the result of the data analysis also infers that the six levels of Bloom’s taxonomy in reading exercises weren’t applied totally. The creating skill doesn’t have distribution in reading exercise, and the understanding – remembering level more dominant than another levels. The distribution of the higher order thinking level was lower than the lower order thinking level and the six levels are not appropriate with the proportion for each level of education based Bloom’s taxonomy, such as the distribution of the creating level in the reading exercise must be a concern because no question that belong to the creating level. It was concluded that reading exercises in English on Sky textbook cannot improve students' critical thinking skills for VIII grade.

Internal categoricity and truth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Button ◽  
Sean Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Model Theory ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Mathematical Truth ◽  
Object Language ◽  
Famous Result ◽  
Famous Paper ◽  
Truth Value ◽  
Truth Operator

This chapter considers whether internal categoricity can be used to leverage any claims about mathematical truth. We begin by noting that internal categoricity allows us to introduce a truth-operator which gives an object-language expression to the supervaluationist semantics. In this way, the univocity discussed in previous chapters might seem to secure an object-language expression of determinacy of truth-value; but this hope falls short, because such truth-operators must be carefully distinguished from truth-predicates. To introduce these truth-predicates, we outline an internalist attitude towards model theory itself. We then use this to illuminate the cryptic conclusions of Putnam's justly-famous paper ‘Models and Reality’. We close this chapter by presenting Tarski’s famous result that truth for lower-order languages can be defined in higher-order languages.

scholarly journals Alzheimer’s Disease Progressively Reduces Visual Functional Network Connectivity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jie Huang ◽  
Paul Beach ◽  
Andrea Bozoki ◽  
David C. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Functional Network ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
The Face ◽  
Processing Network

Background: Postmortem studies of brains with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) not only find amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the visual cortex, but also reveal temporally sequential changes in AD pathology from higher-order association areas to lower-order areas and then primary visual area (V1) with disease progression. Objective: This study investigated the effect of AD severity on visual functional network. Methods: Eight severe AD (SAD) patients, 11 mild/moderate AD (MAD), and 26 healthy senior (HS) controls undertook a resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) and a task fMRI of viewing face photos. A resting-state visual functional connectivity (FC) network and a face-evoked visual-processing network were identified for each group. Results: For the HS, the identified group-mean face-evoked visual-processing network in the ventral pathway started from V1 and ended within the fusiform gyrus. In contrast, the resting-state visual FC network was mainly confined within the visual cortex. AD disrupted these two functional networks in a similar severity dependent manner: the more severe the cognitive impairment, the greater reduction in network connectivity. For the face-evoked visual-processing network, MAD disrupted and reduced activation mainly in the higher-order visual association areas, with SAD further disrupting and reducing activation in the lower-order areas. Conclusion: These findings provide a functional corollary to the canonical view of the temporally sequential advancement of AD pathology through visual cortical areas. The association of the disruption of functional networks, especially the face-evoked visual-processing network, with AD severity suggests a potential predictor or biomarker of AD progression.

scholarly journals Examining Bloom’s Taxonomy in Multiple Choice Questions: Students’ Approach to Questions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Stringer ◽  
Sally A. Santen ◽  
Eun Lee ◽  
Meagan Rawls ◽  
Jean Bailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Order ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Bloom's Taxonomy ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Analytic Thinking ◽  
Bloom’S Taxonomy ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Clinical Reasoning Skills

Abstract Background Analytic thinking skills are important to the development of physicians. Therefore, educators and licensing boards utilize multiple-choice questions (MCQs) to assess these knowledge and skills. MCQs are written under two assumptions: that they can be written as higher or lower order according to Bloom’s taxonomy, and students will perceive questions to be the same taxonomical level as intended. This study seeks to understand the students’ approach to questions by analyzing differences in students’ perception of the Bloom’s level of MCQs in relation to their knowledge and confidence. Methods A total of 137 students responded to practice endocrine MCQs. Participants indicated the answer to the question, their interpretation of it as higher or lower order, and the degree of confidence in their response to the question. Results Although there was no significant association between students’ average performance on the content and their question classification (higher or lower), individual students who were less confident in their answer were more than five times as likely (OR = 5.49) to identify a question as higher order than their more confident peers. Students who responded incorrectly to the MCQ were 4 times as likely to identify a question as higher order than their peers who responded correctly. Conclusions The results suggest that higher performing, more confident students rely on identifying patterns (even if the question was intended to be higher order). In contrast, less confident students engage in higher-order, analytic thinking even if the question is intended to be lower order. Better understanding of the processes through which students interpret MCQs will help us to better understand the development of clinical reasoning skills.

REACTION OF ALDOSES AND KETOSES WITH LEAD TETRAACETATE

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Perlin ◽  
Carol Brice
Keyword(s):  
Lower Order ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Lead Tetraacetate ◽  
Pyranose Form ◽  
Reaction Proceeds ◽  
Furanose Form ◽  
Rare Sugars

Lead tetraacetate is highly selective for oxidation of α-hydroxy-hemiacetal groups and hence most readily attacks cyclic forms of the sugars. The reaction proceeds stepwise; the hemiacetal α-glycol being cleaved and the monoester of a correspondingly shorter-chained sugar formed. After cyclization the new sugar in turn is oxidized at the hemiacetal α-glycol group to yield a diester of a still-lower-order member of the series. In this manner D-glucose first yields mono-O-formyl-D-arabinose and then di-O-formyl-D-erythrose. Similarly, D-fructose is degraded to a glycolate ester of D-erythrose and finally to a formate–glycolate diester of D-glyceraldehyde. Some relatively rare sugars thus may conveniently be prepared directly from abundant higher-order members of the series. The reactions appear to involve preferential attack of the furanose form of a sugar rather than of the normally-predominant pyranose form, or possibly migration of ester groups towards the reducing end of the sugars.

Dynamic changes in higher-order aberrations after correction of lower-order aberrations with adaptive optics in myopic and emmetropic eyes

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanglin Jiang ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Jiamei Zhang ◽  
Xiaoqin Chen ◽  
Lihua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Optics ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Higher Order Aberrations

Assessing the Use of Tensor Closure Methods With Orientation Distribution Reconstruction Functions

Materials ◽  
2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Jack ◽  
Douglas E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Fourth Order ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Series Representation ◽  
Orientation Distribution ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Interaction Coefficients ◽  
Order Tensor ◽  
Orientation Tensor ◽  
Orientation Tensors

Orientation tensors are widely used to describe fiber distri-butions in short fiber reinforced composite systems. Although these tensors capture the stochastic nature of concentrated fiber suspensions in a compact form, the evolution equation for each lower order tensor is a function of the next higher order tensor. Flow calculations typically employ a closure that approximates the fourth-order orientation tensor as a function of the second order orientation tensor. Recent work has been done with eigen-value based and invariant based closure approximations of the fourth-order tensor. The effect of using lower order tensors tensors in process simulations by reconstructing the distribution function from successively higher order orientation tensors in a Fourier series representation is considered. This analysis uses the property that orientation tensors are related to the series expansion coefficients of the distribution function. Errors for several closures are investigated and compared with errors developed when using a reconstruction from the exact 2nd, 4th, and 6th order orientation tensors over a range of interaction coefficients from 10−4 to 10−1 for several flow fields.

Contextual Integrity Up and Down the Data Food Chain

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Nissenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Civic Life ◽  
Information Flows ◽  
Contextual Integrity ◽  
Information Type ◽  
Motion Detectors

Abstract According to the theory of contextual integrity (CI), privacy norms prescribe information flows with reference to five parameters — sender, recipient, subject, information type, and transmission principle. Because privacy is grasped contextually (e.g., health, education, civic life, etc.), the values of these parameters range over contextually meaningful ontologies — of information types (or topics) and actors (subjects, senders, and recipients), in contextually defined capacities. As an alternative to predominant approaches to privacy, which were ineffective against novel information practices enabled by IT, CI was able both to pinpoint sources of disruption and provide grounds for either accepting or rejecting them. Mounting challenges from a burgeoning array of networked, sensor-enabled devices (IoT) and data-ravenous machine learning systems, similar in form though magnified in scope, call for renewed attention to theory. This Article introduces the metaphor of a data (food) chain to capture the nature of these challenges. With motion up the chain, where data of higher order is inferred from lower-order data, the crucial question is whether privacy norms governing lower-order data are sufficient for the inferred higher-order data. While CI has a response to this question, a greater challenge comes from data primitives, such as digital impulses of mouse clicks, motion detectors, and bare GPS coordinates, because they appear to have no meaning. Absent a semantics, they escape CI’s privacy norms entirely.

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