Semi-quantitative estimation of Escherichia coli levels in public drinking water sources in northern Haiti

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Gerges ◽  
William G. LaPlant ◽  
James N. Hyde ◽  
Harold Previl ◽  
Janet Forrester
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking

Prior research in Milot, Haiti, documented that public water sources are commonly fecally contaminated, as indicated by the presence of Escherichia coli. However, the degree of contamination was not assessed. In this study, the degree of fecal contamination in public drinking water sources was determined. Further, the usefulness of sanitary inspection surveys to predict fecal contamination was evaluated. A convenience sample of public water sources was tested using a semi-quantitative assay, which estimates the most probable number (MPN) of E. coli/100 mL of water. Each source was evaluated using the World Health Organization sanitary inspection score and classified as improved or unimproved. Sixty-three water sources were tested, of which 27 (43%) had <1 MPN/100 mL, 19 (30%) were contaminated from 1 to 100 MPN/100 mL, and 17 (27%) were contaminated with >100 MPN/100 mL. Some improved water sources were contaminated with >100 MPN/100 mL. The sanitary inspection score did not distinguish between sources that were and were not contaminated with E. coli. In Milot, Haiti, public water sources can be highly contaminated with E. coli. Since neither the categorization of a water source as improved or unimproved nor the sanitary inspection score can predict contamination, routine microbiological testing is justified.

Nanofiltration Membranes for Removal of Color and Pathogens in Small Public Drinking Water Sources

2012 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Patterson ◽  
Anita Anderson ◽  
Rajib Sinha ◽  
Nur Muhammad ◽  
David Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Nanofiltration Membranes ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking

scholarly journals Abundance of pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae in Nkonkobe drinking water sources

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggy N. B. Momba ◽  
Veronica K. Malakate ◽  
Jacques Theron
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Drinking Water Sources

In order to study the prevalence of enteric pathogens capable of causing infection and disease in the rural communities of Nkonkobe, bacterial isolates were collected from several surface water and groundwater sources used by the community for their daily water needs. By making use of selective culture media and the 20E API kit, presumptive Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae isolates were obtained and then analysed by polymerase chain reaction assays (PCR). The PCR successfully amplified from water samples a fragment of E. coli uidA gene that codes for β-D-glucuronidase which is a highly specific characteristic of enteropathogenic E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli and entero-invasive E. coli. The PCR also amplified the epsM gene from water samples containing toxigenic V. cholerae. Although E. coli was mostly detected in groundwater sources, toxigenic V. cholerae was detected in both surface and groundwater sources. There was a possibility of Salmonella typhimurium in Ngqele and Dyamala borehole water samples. The presence of these pathogenic bacteria in the above drinking water sources may pose a serious health risk to consumers.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factors, and Pathotypes of Escherichia coli Isolated from Drinking Water Sources in Jordan

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samer Swedan ◽  
Heba Abu Alrub
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Synergy Test

The study investigated the prevalence of potentially pathogenic and drug resistant Escherichia coli among drinking water sources in Jordan. A total of 109 confirmed E. coli isolates were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Phenotypic identification of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase production was done using the double disk synergy test and the modified Hodge test, respectively. Isolates’ plasmid profiles were determined by gel electrophoresis. PCR was used for detection of virulence and resistance genes. Overall, 22.0% of the isolates were potentially intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC); namely enteroaggregative E. coli (16.5%), enteropathogenic E. coli (2.8%), enteroinvasive E. coli (1.8%), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (0.9%). A third of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. The highest rates of antimicrobials resistance were observed against ampicillin (93.6%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (41.3%). All isolates were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, doripenem and tigecycline. The prevalence of ESBL and carbapenemase producers was 54.1% and 2.8%, respectively. BlaVIM was the most prevalent resistance gene (68.8%), followed by blaCTX (50.5%), blaTEM (45.9%), blaNDM (11%), blaKPC (4.6%), and blaSHV (0.9%). Fifty-eight (53.2%) isolates contained one or more plasmid ranging from 1.0 to 8.0 kbp. Overall, high prevalence of potentially pathogenic and resistant isolates was observed.

Water quality and health risk of public drinking water sources: a study of filtration plants installed in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 239-250
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tayyab Sohail ◽  
Yusra Mahfooz ◽  
Rashid Aftab ◽  
Yat Yen ◽  
Muhammad Afnan Talib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking

Evaluating pharmaceuticals and caffeine as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water sources of the Greater Montreal region

Chemosphere ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atlasi Daneshvar ◽  
Khadija Aboulfadl ◽  
Liza Viglino ◽  
Romain Broséus ◽  
Sébastien Sauvé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Sources

scholarly journals Is Drinking Water Sources Safe for Drink? A Multicenter Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water Sources in Tigray Region, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goyitom Gebremedhn ◽  
Abera Aregawi Berhe ◽  
Abraham Aregay Desta ◽  
Lemlem Legesse
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Tigray Region ◽  
Drinking Water Sources

Abstract Background Fecal contamination of drinking water sources is the main cause of diarrhea with estimated incidence of 4.6 billion episodes and 2.2 million deaths every year. Methods A total of 145 water samples of different source type were collected from different areas in Tigray region from August 2018 to January 2019. The water samples from each site were selected purposively which involved sampling of water sources with the highest number of users and functionality status during the study period. Most Probable Number (MPN) protocol was used for the bacteriological analysis of the samples. Results A total of 145 water samples were collected from six zones in Tigray region, Ethiopia from August 2018 to January 2019. The study indicated that 63(43.5%) of the water samples were detected to have fecal coliform which is E.coli. In Mekelle city, which is the capital city of Tigray region, three in five 34(60.7%) of the collected samples were confirmed to have fecal coliform. Water samples from health facilities were 9.48 times [AOR=9.48, 95%CI: (1.59, 56.18)] more likely to have fecal coliform. Water samples from wells were 10.23 times [AOR=10.23, 95%CI: (2.74, 38.26)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from Tap/Pipe. Similarly, water samples from hand pumps were 22.28 times [AOR=22.28, 95%CI: (1.26, 393.7)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from Tap/Pipe. Water samples reported to be not chlorinated were 3.51 times [AOR=3.51, 95%CI: (1.35, 9.13)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from chlorinated sources. Conclusion In this study all water source, including the chlorinated drinking water sources, were found highly contaminated with fecal origin bacteria. This may be mainly due to constructional defects, poor sanitation inspection, poor maintenance, intermittent water supply and irregular chlorination.

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