scholarly journals Assessment of exposure of children swimmers to trihalomethanes in an indoor swimming pool

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-544
Author(s):  
Xiaoshuang Wang ◽  
Shaoxia Dong
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Exposure Pathway ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Abstract This study aimed to understand the exposure levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) in an indoor swimming pool and calculate the risks of exposure to THMs, based on the presence of each THM species, of children swimmers aged 6–17, in Beijing, China. We obtained exposure factors for the children through questionnaires and measured THM concentrations through laboratory tests, and we combined the results with an exposure model to calculate the risks, with consideration of different exposure routes (oral ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption). In terms of exposure factors for the swimmers aged 6–17, the average body weight, exposure duration, exposure frequency, swimming time, shower time, changing time, warm-up exercise and rest time, skin surface area and ingestion rate of pool water were 40.46 kg, 2.70 years, 96 events/year, 64.03 min/event, 17.04 min/event, 15.31 min/event, 12.71 min/event, 1.37 m2 and 48.93 ml/event, respectively. The THM concentrations in swimming pool water, shower water, swimming pool air and locker room air were 67.17 μg/L, 12.64 μg/L, 358.66 μg/m3 and 40.98 μg/m3, respectively. The average cancer risk of THMs was 5.44 × 10−6, which is an unacceptable risk according to the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Guidelines. The average hazard index was 0.007, i.e., less than 1, indicating that the noncancer risk was acceptable. Chloroform (TCM) was the main substance in four species of THMs and inhalation exposure was the main exposure pathway. The risk of cancer and noncancer from inhalation exposure to THMs accounts for 97–99% of the total risk. As a result, the disease control authorities and administrative department should pay attention to the health and safety of swimming facilities and, at the same time, establish standards for THMs in the air through further research.

scholarly journals Multipathway risk assessment of trihalomethane exposure in drinking water of Lebanon

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Semerjian ◽  
John Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Oral Ingestion ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Total Cancer ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

The toxicological risks and lifetime cancer risks of trihalomethanes through oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure from tap water in selected regions in Lebanon are estimated. Existing trihalomethane concentrations do not pose any non-carcinogenic and developmental risks in the exposed population via oral ingestion. Among the three pathways, residents have a higher risk of cancer through oral ingestion than through the other two pathways. The lifetime cancer risk through oral ingestion for dibromochloromethane makes the highest contribution to total risks, followed by bromodichloromethane, bromoform, and chloroform. The total multipathway cancer risk analysis suggests that no cancer risks exist during the summer and winter seasons; however, in the spring the total cancer risks exceeds the USEPA acceptable level of 10−6 by a factor of 10.7.

scholarly journals Mathematical modelling and simulation of the thermal performance of a solar heated indoor swimming pool

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 999-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Mancic ◽  
Dragoljub Zivkovic ◽  
Pedja Milosavljevic ◽  
Milena Todorovic
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool ◽  
Total Pool

Buildings with indoor swimming pools have a large energy footprint. The source of major energy loss is the swimming pool hall where air humidity is increased by evaporation from the pool water surface. This increases energy consumption for heating and ventilation of the pool hall, fresh water supply loss and heat demand for pool water heating. In this paper, a mathematical model of the swimming pool was made to assess energy demands of an indoor swimming pool building. The mathematical model of the swimming pool is used with the created multi-zone building model in TRNSYS software to determine pool hall energy demand and pool losses. Energy loss for pool water and pool hall heating and ventilation are analyzed for different target pool water and air temperatures. The simulation showed that pool water heating accounts for around 22%, whereas heating and ventilation of the pool hall for around 60% of the total pool hall heat demand. With a change of preset controller air and water temperatures in simulations, evaporation loss was in the range 46-54% of the total pool losses. A solar thermal sanitary hot water system was modelled and simulated to analyze it's potential for energy savings of the presented demand side model. The simulation showed that up to 87% of water heating demands could be met by the solar thermal system, while avoiding stagnation.

scholarly journals Halogenated Disifection By-Products in Indoor Swimming Pool Water.

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-479
Author(s):  
Yasuo TAKAHASHI ◽  
Kimi MORIYAMA ◽  
Masatoshi MORITA
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Current practices underestimate environmental exposures to methamphetamine: inhalation exposures are important

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Jackie Wright ◽  
Bob Symons ◽  
Jonathon Angell ◽  
Kirstin E. Ross ◽  
Stewart Walker
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
Residential Homes ◽  
Exposure Pathway ◽  
Residential Properties ◽  
Contaminated Properties ◽  
Exposure Routes

AbstractCurrent practice for determining the exposure to methamphetamine in contaminated homes relies on the analysis of surface wipe sample to address direct contact exposures. The movement of methamphetamine into the air phase, and the potential for inhalation exposures to occur within residential homes contaminated from former clandestine manufacture or smoking of methamphetamine has been generally poorly characterised and understood. All available risk-based guidelines for determining safe levels of methamphetamine in residential properties do not include any consideration of the inhalation pathway as an exposure route. This study showed that methamphetamine can readily move from contaminated materials in a home into the air phase. This movement of methamphetamine into the air phase provides both an exposure pathway and a mechanism for the transfer of methamphetamine throughout a property. The inhalation exposure pathway has the potential to result in significant intake of methamphetamine, adding to dermal absorption and ingestion exposure routes. Guidelines that are established for the assessment of methamphetamine contaminated properties that ignore inhalation exposures can significantly underestimate exposure and result in guidelines that are not adequately protective of health. This study also demonstrates that sampling methamphetamine in air can be undertaken using commercially available sorption tubes and analytical methods.

scholarly journals Evaluating trihalomethanes in tap water and swimming pool water at Ho Chi Minh city

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-245
Author(s):  
Phu Ly Sy Nguyen ◽  
Tien Hoang Thuy Le ◽  
Long Chau Kim ◽  
Hien Thi To
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are byproducts of the process of disinfecting water with chlorine, in which, 4 compounds are most interested such as chloroform (CF), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (BF). These DBPs even at very low concentrations pose harmful health effects. These health risks may include cancers, reproductive disorders, birth defects and miscarriage. This study evaluates the 4 THMs in water supplied at 6 districts of Ho Chi Minh City and in swimming pool water at Tan Binh district. All samples were extracted by using liquid- liquid extraction method with n-hexane: diisopropylether (1:1) before analyzing by GC-ECD. The results showed that 4/4 THMs were found in water samples and 2/4 THMs (chloroform and bromodichloromethane) were found in swimming pool water samples. The results showed that there are differences in the THMs levels between sampling site. The average concentration of THMs in supplied water was 31.40 ±29.23 μg.L-1 (20 – 110 μg.L-1), in swimming pool water was 109.78 ± 15.21 μg.L-1 (90 – 140 μg.L-1). The sampling site which has the highest average concentration is Tan Phu district (102.45 ± 16.0 μg.L-1) and the lowest is district 1 (23.74 ± 1.92 μg.L-1). The results showed that the concentration of THMs in the supplied water and swimming pool water does not exceed the limit of national technical regulation on drinking water quality (QCVN 01: 2009/BYT), however, the chloroform concentration of some sampling sites exceeds the limit given by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

The Change of Circle Contact Lenses Exposed to Indoor Swimming Pool Water

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
So Ra Kim ◽  
Kyeong Eun Lee ◽  
So Jin Lee ◽  
Ji Youn Kwon ◽  
Sang Hee Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Indoor Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pool Water
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