Combined CCTV and leak detection technology for in-service water transmission mains

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian youngpyo Jo ◽  
Jon Boon
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Inspection System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Leak Location ◽  
Detection Technology ◽  
Service Water ◽  
Water Mains ◽  
Water Transmission

The reduction of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) through leakage detection is gaining ever higher significance for well-run water utilities. Tethered leak detection technology has become an essential tool for detecting the presence pinpointing the location as well as estimating the magnitude of leaks in large diameter (300 mm and above) water transmission mains of all pipe materials. For the past 7 years, inline CCTV inspection has also been available for in-service water mains using the Sahara® tethered video inspection system. These two technologies were used independently, which required two surveys for the same pipeline to deliver leak detection and CCTV inspection. This paper introduces Sahara AV, tethered combined leak detection and CCTV inspection technology designed to deliver multi functions such as leak detection, leak location and CCTV inspection through only one deployment for in-service water mains; recently wall thickness assessment has also been added to the list of technologies which can be mounted on the Sahara system. This paper introduces the Sahara AV system along with its specifications and explains the mechanism adopted to introduce the sensor into the live pipeline. The paper also discusses Sahara case study from Asia describing the benefits and return on investment experienced by clients that have engaged with programs involving Sahara technology.

Tracer Applications in Integrity Assessments for Tanks, Terminals and Transportation Piping

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy Golding ◽  
Scott Evans
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Tracer Test ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Chemical Plant ◽  
Continuous Operation ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Below Ground

The last revision of the American Petroleum Institute (API) guideline for the inspection of facility piping (API 570) includes tracer leak detection methods as an alternative to hydrostatic testing of buried pipelines. Tracer testing is a method in which a small concentration of a chemical label is added to the fluid inside a pipe. If a leak is present, analysis of air samples collected outside of the pipeline shows an increase in the concentration of the chemical vapor above background. Tracer test methods have been evaluated and validated by many studies. A summary of the cumulative data is described. Cumulatively, two hundred and one leaks were simulated under a variety of conditions. All but one of the leaks was detected. Of the one hundred and one control events in which no leak-indicating tracer was released, there was one false indication of the presence of the tracer. The autopsy of this event revealed that the false detection was due to operator error. Individual leaks have been located in large diameter pipelines regulated by the United Sates Department of Transportation. A case study is summarized in which a single leak in a forty-kilometer section of 0.4-meter diameter piping was located. This was a newly constructed yet to be commissioned pipeline built for the transport of natural gas. The single leak was located during the first day of sampling. Large refineries have used tracer methods to meet regulatory or facility inspection requirements. Refineries and chemical plants have used developing and established tracer test methods to meet regulatory requirements and to explore new ways of augmenting Asset Integrity Management programs. A six-year tightness testing program for a refinery/chemical plant facility including fifty kilometers of facility piping is summarized. During the most recent test season at the chemical plant, the frequency of detection of small leaks was one leak per kilometer of piping. None of the leaks detected during the six-year project accounted for the amount of petroleum product below ground surface. Significant releases at this facility were attributed to aboveground storage tanks. A final case study is included in which the location of a leak in an operating refinery pipeline and an associated aboveground tanks is summarized. The leak detection and location project was combined with a field evaluation of a new leak detection method for operating pipelines in which below-ground leaks are detected in samples collected above the ground. The leak in the supply line was located within the first twenty-four hours after the addition of the leak indicting tracer. Another leak through the floor of an associated aboveground storage tank was also detected on the day after the tracer was added by the presence of the leak detection tracer additive in samples collected below the tank. The tank also remained in continuous operation. Advantages of the test include: continuous operation of the piping and tanks during the test, avoidance any need to remove product, replace the product with water, treat the contaminated water or dispose of it. The use of a chemical tracer test method, designed for operating facility tanks and piping can in many instances serve well as an alternative to hydrostatic testing for meeting API 570 standards.

From hard to soft: theory and Neolithic studies in Scotland

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Kenneth Brophy
Keyword(s):  
The Past

The Scottish Theoretical Archaeology Group (STAG) conference organisers expressed some doubts about how far theory has changed, and impacted, archaeological establishment and academia in Scotland. In this paper, I will argue that Scotland is certainly not isolated in a theoretical sense, although in the past, Scottish archaeology could be accused of being theoretically conservative, or at least dependent on ideas and models developed elsewhere. A case-study looking at Neolithic studies will be used to illustrate that despite some recent critical historiographies of the study of the period in Scotland, archaeologists in Scotland and those working with Scottish material have been theoretically innovative and in step with wider paradigm changes. The study of the Neolithic in Scotland, it could be argued, has been shaped by theory more than the study of any other period; we are not isolated, but rather part of wider networks of discourse.

THE URBAN MIGRANT FUTURE DESIRE: A STUDY OF REVERSE MIGRATION IN MALAYSIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Nur Huzeima Mohd Hussain ◽  
Hugh Byrd ◽  
Nur Azfahani Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Reverse Migration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Urban Migrant ◽  
Oil Crisis

Globalisation combined with resources of oil and gas has led to an industrial society in Malaysia.  For the past 30 years, rapid urban growth has shifted from 73% rural to 73% urban population. However, the peak oil crisis and economic issues are threatening the growth of urbanisation and influencing the trends of population mobility. This paper documents the beginnings of a reverse migration (urban-to-rural) in Malaysia.  The method adopted case study that involves questionnaires with the urban migrants to establish the desires, definite intentions and reasons for future migration. Based on this data, it predicts a trend and rate of reverse migration in Malaysia. 

Conservation and Preservation of Nature Reserves, Monuments andSpecial Architectural or Historic Interest in Nigeria: Towards Promotion of Sustainable Cultural Tourism

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-218
Author(s):  
Francis Chuma Osefoh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Nature Reserves ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Developed Nations

Some of the renowned world tourism countries have special peculiarities in character in terms of their nature reserves and built environments; that made them stand out for their attractions and visits. These qualities range from conservation and preservation of nature reserves, built environments- epoch architectural supports over the years; historical heritage; political; religious; socio-economic; cultural; and  high technology that enhance culture. The virtues of multi- ethnic groups and multi- cultural nature gave Nigeria a rich cultural heritage, and she is blessed with natural wonders, unique wildlife, and a very favorable climate. More often than not less attention and importance are placed over the nature reserves and built environments to the detriment of tourism in lieu of other sectors. Summarily the country lacks the culture of conservation and preservation of her abundant resources to promote cultural tourism. Case study strategy was applied in the research tours with reports of personal experiences, documentaries and analyses of sites visited in Europe and Nigeria were highlighted with references to their attributes in terms of structures and features that made up the sites as relate to culture and attraction.The task in keeping rural, city landscapes and nature reserves alive stands out as the secret of communication link from the past to present and the future; which tourism developed nations reap as benefits for tourist attraction.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document