scholarly journals Evaluation of 1D hydraulic models for the simulation of mountain fluvial floods: a case study of the Santa Bárbara River in Ecuador

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pinos ◽  
Luis Timbe ◽  
Edison Timbe
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Type I ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Mike 11

Abstract River flooding is a key topic for water managers because of the social and economic losses it can cause. The complex topography and dynamics of mountain rivers has limited the analysis of their behavior during flood events (e.g., sediment transport, flooding). This study aims to test the performance of three hydraulic 1D models (HEC-RAS, MIKE 11, and Flood Modeller) to estimate inundation water levels for a mountain river. The evaluation of these models was performed considering steady state conditions through 10 scenarios, i.e. five discharge return periods, and two types of cross sections data: (a) type I, a detailed field survey complemented with information extracted from DEM, derived from LiDAR; and (b) type II, cross sections exclusively derived from the DEM. The research was conducted for a reach of 5 km of the Santa Bárbara River, with an average slope of 0.25%. HEC-RAS model results for cross sections type I, were previously validated and therefore used as reference for comparison between other models and scenarios. The goodness-of-fit between models was measured based on the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (EF). The main goal of the current study was to determine the variability of inundation level results compared with a validated model as reference, using the same input data for the three modeling packages. Our analysis shows that, when using cross section type I, the evaluated modeling packages yield similar results (EF were between 0.94 and 0.99). On the other hand, the goodness of fit decreased when using type II data, with an average EF of 0.98 (HEC-RAS), 0.88 (Flood Modeller) and 0.85 (MIKE 11) when compared to the reference model. The authors conclude that it is highly recommend for practitioners to use geometric data type I instead of type II in order to obtain similar performance in the tested models. Only HEC-RAS type II has the same performance as type I models (average EF of 0.98).

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF CROSS SECTIONS FOR GRAVITY TYPE QUAY WALLS

2017 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Tugce Yuksel ◽  
Yalcin Yuksel ◽  
Busra Basaran ◽  
Esin Cevik
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Vertical Wall ◽  
Block Size ◽  
Seismic Loading ◽  
Block Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Seismic Loadings ◽  
Port Structures

Block type quay walls are widely used as port structures in the world. In this study three types of vertical block type quay walls with different block size exposed to seismic loading were investigated experimentally. The block ratios of Type I, Type II and III vertical wall models are B/h=2, 1.5 and 1.5 & H/h=6, 6 and 3, respectively. The tests were conducted in the shaking tank with different harmonic seismic loadings and the behaviors of these walls were investigated comparatively.

Is It Really Robust?

Methodology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 147-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Schmider ◽  
Matthias Ziegler ◽  
Erik Danay ◽  
Luzi Beyer ◽  
Markus Bühner
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Random Numbers ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Ii Error ◽  
Normality Assumption ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Factor Type

Empirical evidence to the robustness of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) concerning violation of the normality assumption is presented by means of Monte Carlo methods. High-quality samples underlying normally, rectangularly, and exponentially distributed basic populations are created by drawing samples which consist of random numbers from respective generators, checking their goodness of fit, and allowing only the best 10% to take part in the investigation. A one-way fixed-effect design with three groups of 25 values each is chosen. Effect-sizes are implemented in the samples and varied over a broad range. Comparing the outcomes of the ANOVA calculations for the different types of distributions, gives reason to regard the ANOVA as robust. Both, the empirical type I error α and the empirical type II error β remain constant under violation. Moreover, regression analysis identifies the factor “type of distribution” as not significant in explanation of the ANOVA results.

Recruitment of single muscle fibers during submaximal cycling exercise

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1752-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Altenburg ◽  
H. Degens ◽  
W. van Mechelen ◽  
A. J. Sargeant ◽  
A. de Haan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Type Ii Fibers

In literature, an inconsistency exists in the submaximal exercise intensity at which type II fibers are activated. In the present study, the recruitment of type I and II fibers was investigated from the very beginning and throughout a 45-min cycle exercise at 75% of the maximal oxygen uptake, which corresponded to 38% of the maximal dynamic muscle force. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle were taken from six subjects at rest and during the exercise, two at each time point. From the first biopsy single fibers were isolated and characterized as type I and II, and phosphocreatine-to-creatine (PCr/Cr) ratios and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain intensities were measured. Cross sections were cut from the second biopsy, individual fibers were characterized as type I and II, and PAS stain intensities were measured. A decline in PCr/Cr ratio and in PAS stain intensity was used as indication of fiber recruitment. Within 1 min of exercise both type I and, although to a lesser extent, type II fibers were recruited. Furthermore, the PCr/Cr ratio revealed that the same proportion of fibers was recruited during the whole 45 min of exercise, indicating a rather constant recruitment. The PAS staining, however, proved inadequate to fully demonstrate fiber recruitment even after 45 min of exercise. We conclude that during cycling exercise a greater proportion of type II fibers is recruited than previously reported for isometric contractions, probably because of the dynamic character of the exercise. Furthermore, the PCr/Cr ratio method is more sensitive in determining fiber activation than the PAS stain intensity method.

Genotyping Dickeya dianthicola causing potato blackleg and soft rot outbreak associated with inoculum geography in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongling Ge ◽  
He Jiang ◽  
Steven B Johnson ◽  
Robert Larkin ◽  
Amy O Charkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Type Iii

An outbreak of blackleg and soft rot of potato, caused primarily by the bacterial pathogen Dickeya dianthicola, has resulted in significant economic losses in the Northeastern United States since 2015. The spread of this seedborne disease is highly associated with seed distribution, therefore the pathogen likely spread with seed tubers. To describe the blackleg epidemic and track inoculum origins, a total of 1183 potato samples were collected from 11 states associated with blackleg outbreak from 2015 to 2019. Of these samples, 39.8% tested positive for D. dianthicola. Seventeen isolates of Dickeya dianthicola were recovered from these samples and the genetic diversity of these isolates was examined. Fingerprinting with BOX-PCR and phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the 16S rRNA and gapA genes indicated that D. dianthicola isolates were divided into three genotypes, denoted Type I, II, and III. Ninety five percent of samples from Maine were Type I. Type II was found in Maine only in 2015 and 2018. Type II was present throughout the five years in some states at a lower percentage than Type I. Type III was found in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Massachusetts, but not in Maine. Therefore, Type I appears to be associated with Maine, but Type II appeared to be endemic to the Northeastern United States. The Type II and rarer Type III strain were closer to the D. dianthicola type strain isolated from the United Kingdom. This work provides evidence that the outbreak of blackleg of potato in the Northeastern United States was caused by multiple strains of D. dianthicola. The geographic origins of these strains remain unknown.

scholarly journals Identification of actin-, alpha-actinin-, and vinculin-containing plaques at the lateral membrane of epithelial cells.

1986 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 1843-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Drenckhahn ◽  
H Franz
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Classical Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Prostatic Epithelium ◽  
Human Intestinal Epithelium

In this paper, a new type of spot desmosome-like junction (type II plaque) is described that is scattered along the entire lateral plasma membrane of rat and human intestinal epithelium. Ultrastructurally type II plaques differed from the classical type of epithelial spot desmosome ("macula adherens", further denoted as type I desmosome) by weak electron density of the membrane-associated plaque material, association of the plaques with microfilaments rather than intermediate filaments, and poorly visible material across the intercellular space. Thus, type II plaques resemble cross-sections of the zonula adherens. Immunofluorescence-microscopic studies were done using antibodies to a main protein associated with the plaques of type I desmosomes (desmoplakin I) and to the three major proteins located at the plaques of the zonula adherens (actin, alpha-actinin, and vinculin). Two types of plaques were visualized along the lateral surface of intestinal and prostatic epithelium: (a) the type I desmosomes, which were labeled with anti-desmoplakin but did not bind antibodies to actin, alpha-actinin, and vinculin, and (b) a further set of similarly sized plaques, which bound antibodies to actin, alpha-actinin, and vinculin but were not stained with anti-desmoplakin. Three-dimensional computer reconstruction of serial sections double-labeled with anti-desmoplakin and anti-alpha-actinin further confirmed that both types of plaques are spatially completely separated from each other along the lateral plasma membrane. The computer graphs further revealed that the actin-, alpha-actinin-, and vinculin-containing plaques have the tendency to form clusters, a feature also typical of type II plaques. It is suggested that the type II plaques represent spot desmosome-like intercellular junctions, which, like the zonula adherens, appear to be linked to the actin filament system. As the type II plaques cover a considerable part of the lateral cell surface, they might play a particular role in controlling cellular shape and intercellular adhesion.

scholarly journals Genotypic diversity: estimation and prediction in samples.

Genetics ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Stoddart ◽  
J F Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type I Error Rates ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Tests ◽  
High Level ◽  
Better Than

Abstract We show that a commonly used statistic of genotypic diversity can be used to reflect one form of deviation from panmixia, viz. clonal reproduction, by comparing observed and predicted sample statistics. The characteristics of the statistic, in particular its relationship with population genotypic diversity, are formalised and a method of predicting the genotypic diversity of a sample drawn from a panmictic population using allelic frequencies and sample size is developed. The sensitivity of some possible tests of significance of the deviation from panmictic expectations is examined using computer simulations. Goodness-of-fit tests are robust but produce an unacceptably high level of type II error. With means and variances calculated either from Monte Carlo simulations or from distributional and series approximations, t-tests perform better than goodness-of-fit tests. Under simulation, both forms of t-test exhibit acceptable rates of type I error. Rates of type II are usually large when allele frequencies are severely skewed although the latter test performs the better in those conditions.

scholarly journals Influences on flood frequency distributions in Irish river catchments

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1137-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ahilan ◽  
J. J. O'Sullivan ◽  
M. Bruen
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Flood Frequency Analysis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Rock Outcrops ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Flood Quantiles ◽  
River Catchments

Abstract. This study explores influences on flood frequency distributions in Irish rivers. A Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) type I distribution is recommended in Ireland for estimating flood quantiles in a single site flood frequency analysis. This paper presents the findings of an investigation that identified the GEV statistical distributions that best fit the annual maximum (AM) data series extracted from 172 gauging stations of 126 rivers in Ireland. Analysis of these data was undertaken to explore hydraulic and hydro-geological factors that influence flood frequency distributions. A hierarchical approach of increasing statistical power that used probability plots, moment and L-moment diagrams, the Hosking goodness of fit algorithm and a modified Anderson-Darling (A-D) statistical test was followed to determine whether a type I, type II or type III distribution was valid. Results of the Hosking et al. method indicated that of the 143 stations with flow records exceeding 25 yr, data for 95 (67%) was best represented by GEV type I distributions and a further 9 (6%) and 39 (27%) stations followed type II and type III distributions respectively. Type I, type II and type III distributions were determined for 83 (58%), 16 (11%) and 34 (24%) stations respectively using the modified A-D method (data from 10 stations was not represented by GEV family distributions). The influence of karst terrain on these flood frequency distributions was assessed by incorporating results on an Arc-GIS platform showing karst features and using Monte Carlo simulations to assess the significance of the number and clustering of the observed distributions. Floodplain effects were identified by using two-sample t-tests to identify statistical correlations between the distributions and catchment properties that are indicative of strong floodplain activity. The data reveals that type I distributions are spatially well represented throughout the country. While also well represented throughout the country, the majority of type III distributions appear in areas where attenuation influences from floodplains are likely. The majority of type II distributions appear in a single cluster in a region in the west of the country that is underlain by karst but importantly, is characterised by shallow of glacial drift with frequent exposures of rock outcrops. The presence of karst in river catchments would be expected to provide additional subsurface storage and in this regard, type III distributions might be expected. The prevalence of type II distributions in this area reflects the finite nature of this storage. For prolonged periods of rainfall, rising groundwater levels will fill karst voids, remove subsurface storage and contribute to recharge related sinkhole flooding. Situations where rainfall intensities exceed karst percolation rates also produce high levels of surface runoff (discharge related flooding) that can promote type II distributions in nearby river catchments. Results therefore indicate that in some instances, assuming type I distributions is incorrect and may result in erroneous estimates of flood quantiles at these locations. Where actual data follows a type II distribution, flood quantiles may be underestimated by in excess of 35% and for type III distributions, overestimates by over 25% can occur.

scholarly journals Type I and type II fatty acid biosynthesis inEimeria tenella: enoyl reductase activity and structure

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (14) ◽  
pp. 1949-1962 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. LU ◽  
S. P. MUENCH ◽  
M. ALLARY ◽  
S. CAMPBELL ◽  
C. W. ROBERTS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Enoyl Reductase ◽  
Apicomplexan Parasites

SUMMARYApicomplexan parasites of the genusEimeriaare the major causative agent of avian coccidiosis, leading to high economic losses in the poultry industry. Recent results show thatEimeria tenellaharbours an apicoplast organelle, and that a key biosynthetic enzyme, enoyl reductase, is located in this organelle. In related parasites, enoyl reductase is one component of a type II fatty acid synthase (FAS) and has proven to be an attractive target for antimicrobial compounds. We cloned and expressed the mature form ofE. tenellaenoyl reductase (EtENR) for biochemical and structural studies. Recombinant EtENR exhibits NADH-dependent enoyl reductase activity and is inhibited by triclosan with an IC50value of 60 nm. The crystal structure of EtENR reveals overall similarity with other ENR enzymes; however, the active site of EtENR is unoccupied, a state rarely observed in other ENR structures. Furthermore, the position of the central beta-sheet appears to block NADH binding and would require significant movement to allow NADH binding, a feature not previously seen in the ENR family. We analysed theE. tenellagenomic database for orthologues of well-characterized bacterial and apicomplexan FAS enzymes and identified 6 additional genes, suggesting thatE. tenellacontains a type II FAS capable of synthesizing saturated, but not unsaturated, fatty acids. Interestingly, we also identified sequences that appear to encode multifunctional type I FAS enzymes, a feature also observed inToxoplasma gondii, highlighting the similarity between these apicomplexan parasites.

Heat-Etching with a Bullivant Type II Simple Freeze-Cleave Device

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Weinstein ◽  
N. Scott McNutt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The University

The Type I simple cold block device was described by Bullivant and Ames in 1966 and represented the product of the first successful effort to simplify the equipment required to do sophisticated freeze-cleave techniques. Bullivant, Weinstein and Someda described the Type II device which is a modification of the Type I device and was developed as a collaborative effort at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The modifications reduced specimen contamination and provided controlled specimen warming for heat-etching of fracture faces. We have now tested the Mass. General Hospital version of the Type II device (called the “Type II-MGH device”) on a wide variety of biological specimens and have established temperature and pressure curves for routine heat-etching with the device.

Labelling of non-A, non-B hepatitis infected chimpanzee hepatocytes with nuclease-gold conjugates

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
G. D. Gagne ◽  
M. F. Miller ◽  
D. A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cellular Injury ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Infected Chimpanzee

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) or with delta agent hepatitis results in the appearance of characteristic cytoplasmic alterations in the hepatocytes. These alterations include spongelike inclusions (Type I), attached convoluted membranes (Type II), tubular structures (Type III), and microtubular aggregates (Type IV) (Fig. 1). Type I, II and III structures are, by association, believed to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum and may be morphogenetically related. Type IV structures are generally observed free in the cytoplasm but sometimes in the vicinity of type III structures. It is not known whether these structures are somehow involved in the replication and/or assembly of the putative NANB virus or whether they are simply nonspecific responses to cellular injury. When treated with uranyl acetate, type I, II and III structures stain intensely as if they might contain nucleic acids. If these structures do correspond to intermediates in the replication of a virus, one might expect them to contain DNA or RNA and the present study was undertaken to explore this possibility.

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