Economic analysis of domestic, industrial and agricultural water demands in China

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhou ◽  
R.S.J. Tol
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Output Elasticity ◽  
Province Level ◽  
Water Uses

Demand management plays an increasingly important role in dealing with water scarcity in China. It is important to understand the level and pattern of water use in various sectors across the regions for any measures being put into effect. The aim of this study is to enhance the understanding of the factors that influence water demand by examining closely the water use in domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors. Using province level panel data from 1997 to 2003, the examination shows that the regional disparity in the level and pattern of water uses is considerable. The estimation of water demand shows that both economic and climatic variables have significant effects on water demand. The results suggest an income elasticity of 0.42 for the domestic sector, an output elasticity of −0.32 for industrial water use (per unit of output), and an output elasticity of −0.23 for irrigated agriculture (per land area).

Social interaction in water demand management implementation

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 295-301
Author(s):  
J.S. Buckle
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Water Demand Management ◽  
Education Project ◽  
Broad Concept ◽  
Efficient Water Use

This article describes a successful awareness and education project undertaken in an East Rand township by the Water Cycle Management Section of Rand Water. The Project's focus was to create awareness in the community of the broad concept of water cycle management within an environment and to transfer skills to community members (facilitators) who could then assist in ensuring effective and efficient water use.

scholarly journals Individual Water-Saving Response Based on Complex Adaptive System Theory: Case Study of Beijing City, China

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1478
Author(s):  
Hanqing Liu ◽  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Haihong Li ◽  
Lizhen Wang ◽  
Qingming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Adaptive System ◽  
Complex Adaptive System ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Saving Behavior ◽  
External Stimuli

It is of significance to examine the factors impacting individual water-saving behavior and their mechanism of action for water demand management, especially for domestic water demand management. To provide a solution to the issues of individual water-saving behavior research with unclear influence mechanisms and subjective modeling decisions, this study provides a novel idea of combining social survey and model study for research on domestic water conservation, introduces complex adaptive system theory to describe the mechanism of action between individuals as well as between individuals and external stimuli, and proposes a general framework for the model establishment and analysis of individual water-saving response research under external stimuli. This study uses Beijing as an empirical city. Based on the analysis results of the survey on Beijing residents’ domestic water use combined with the problems in Beijing’s domestic water-saving efforts, this study constructs water-saving regulation scenarios and corresponding individual water-saving response rules; systematically simulates the change process of individual water use considering the aspects of water price formulation, water use information, and water-saving publicity and education; quantitatively analyzes the influence of these three types of external stimuli on individual water saving; proposes individual water-saving promotion measures; and suggests the three aspects of water price formulation, water use information feedback, water-saving publicity and education.

scholarly journals Water Metering Pilot Project: A Case Study of Water Demand Management in the Sultanate of Oman

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Zaher Khalid Al Suleimani ◽  
Bushra Khalfan Al Wohaibi
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Demand Management ◽  
Water Metering

The Sultanate of Oman is experiencing increased pressure on its groundwater resources. This is mainly due to agricultural enterprises, which consume about 92 % of national water resources, as well as an upsurge in industrial, commercial and domestic water use. The ever-growing population, diversification of economic activities and the ensuing rise in national prosperity have meant an increasing demand for water. This has resulted in a marked depletion of groundwater supplies, intrusion of seawater, and deterioration of ground water quality in the case of the Al Batinah region. A scientific and effective water demand management strategy for the Sultanate is therefore needed. Accordingly, the Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment and Water Resources (MRMEWR) have conducted several studies related to water demand management in the agricultural, industrial and domestic sectors. One of these studies was the Water Metering Pilot Project (WMPP), initiated in 1994 with the objective of evaluating patterns of water use on a number of randomly selected farms in the southern Al-Batinah. The results obtained over a period of seven years confirm that water metering alone does not help reduce the quantity pumped. These findings have encouraged other advanced studies on water demand management in industrial, commercial, domestic and agriculture sectors in different areas of the Sultanate. 

Water demand management in Syria: centralized and decentralized views

Water Policy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 549-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Salman ◽  
W. Mualla
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Water Markets ◽  
Control Surface ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Water Demand Management ◽  
Available Resources

The countries of the Middle East are characterized by large temporal and spatial variations in precipitation and with limited surface and groundwater resources. The rapid growth and development in the region have led to mounting pressures on scarce resources to satisfy water demands. The dwindling availability of water to meet development needs has become a significant regional issue, especially as a number of countries are facing serious water deficit. Syria is becoming progressively shorter of water as future demand is coming close to or even surpassing available resources. Syria had a population of 18 million in 2002, and its total renewable water resources (TRWR) is estimated around 16 × 109 m3 per year. In other words, the per capita TRWR is less than the water scarcity index (1,000 m3 per person per year) which will make the country experience chronic stress that will hinder its economic development and entail serious degradation. Unfortunately, if water demand at current prices continues to increase in the same way, Syria will experience an alarming deficit between the available resources and the potential needs in the near future. In Syria, until fairly recently, emphasis has been placed on the supply side of water development. Demand management and improvement of patterns of water use has received less attention. The aim was always to augment the national water budget with new water. The most popular way of achieving this aim was to control surface flows by building new dams and creating multi-purpose reservoirs (there are now around 160 dams in Syria with a total capacity of 14 × 109 m3). Irrigation schemes were also built and agricultural activities were expanded greatly to achieve self-sufficiency in essential food products and food security. However, this is no longer achievable with the limited water resources available; water demand is rapidly increasing and easily mobilizable resources have already been exploited. The objective of this paper is to think of different possible ways to manage water demand in the agricultural sector of Syria. It mainly involves two main management options: taxation as a centralized option and water markets as a decentralized one. While water demand management refers to improving both productive and allocative efficiency of water use, this paper focuses on two allocative measures (taxation and water markets) and does not thoroughly cover productive measures such as rehabilitation and upgrading of irrigation schemes or improving operation. However, the paper does not attempt to settle the question for or against each option but tries to find some elements to determine under which conditions the option can lead to expected outcomes taking into account the history of management and the local conditions in Syria: political, social and economical. The paper also looks at other alternatives such as cooperative action and lifting subsidies and argues their possible association to the main management options that may help in reducing the difficulties of implementation.

scholarly journals Streamflow predictions in regulated river systems: hydrological non-stationarity versus anthropogenic water use

2015 ◽  
Vol 371 ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dutta ◽  
S. Kim ◽  
J. Vaze ◽  
J. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
River System ◽  
System Model ◽  
Regulated River ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Anthropogenic Development ◽  
Streamflow Variability ◽  
Water Uses

Abstract. Streamflow in a regulated river system is highly influenced by storage regulations and anthropogenic water use in addition to climate variability. Thus, changes in climate-streamflow relationships and dominant hydrological processes over time are difficult to quantify in a regulated system without partitioning influence of storage regulation and anthropogenic water uses. This requires a robust regulated river system model, which takes into consideration of both hydrological and man-made flow regulation processes, as well as anthropogenic water uses. In this study, a newly developed large-scale river system model (called "AWRA-R") was used to assess the influence of both anthropogenic and climate variability/change on streamflow non-stationarity in the Murray Darling Basin (MDB). MDB is one of the highly regulated basins in Australia with multiple large and small storages developed primarily for supplying water to irrigated agriculture. The modelling was undertaken for the period of 1950–2010, which includes rapid water resources development and both wet and dry climate. The AWRA-R model was calibrated for a reasonably long period and then, validated on an independent period. The calibrated parameters were used to simulate streamflow under current and pre-development conditions to analyse the streamflow variability and influence of climate variability and anthropogenic development on streamflow trend. This paper briefly introduces the model and the method used for assessing streamflow variability under natural and developed conditions and presents the results and findings.

scholarly journals Mensurações de campo para disponibilidade e demanda hídrica de agricultura irrigada familiar na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Sujo – Teresópolis (RJ)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 382
Author(s):  
Leonardo Bastos Brum ◽  
André De Souza Avelar
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Channel Flow ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Field Methodology ◽  
Access To Water

A aplicação de mensurações de campo para compreensão da disponibilidade e demanda hídrica na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Sujo é o escopo deste trabalho. Desta forma, a bacia em questão se situa em Teresópolis-RJ, possui 54 km2 e é caracterizada pela ocupação agrícola familiar, organizada em pequenas e médias propriedades, que utilizam sistemas de irrigação por aspersão para execução dos turnos de rega. As mensurações ocorreram ao longo de 2009 e para conhecer a disponibilidade hídrica da bacia, o estudo contou com três estações plúvio-fluviométricas, que permitiram a coleta diária de dados, que foram associados as medições de vazão no canal. E para estimar a demanda de água pela agricultura, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de campo específica, que possibilitou quantificar a entrada de água diretamente para o cultivo. Os resultados se mostraram satisfatórios e indicaram na relação demanda-disponibilidade significativo uso da água pela agricultura irrigada, o que se agrava no período de vazão mínima, ocorrendo situações de déficit hídrico. O mês de agosto se apresentou como o mais crítico, acentuando disputas pelo recurso o que atesta a necessidade de intervenção que garanta o acesso justo e compartilhado da água na bacia.  Field measurements for availability and demand of water in a family irrigated agriculture in the Córrego Sujo basin – Teresópolis (RJ) A B S T R A C TThis study evaluates water availability and demand in the Córrego Sujo watershed through field measurements. This 54 km2 basin is located in Teresópolis-RJ and is characterized by family agricultural operations organized into small and medium-sized properties that use sprinkler irrigation. Field measurements were collected throughout 2009. Three pluvio-fluviometric stations were surveyed daily and this data related with channel flow measurements aimed to know the water availability of the basin. To estimate the water demand for agriculture, a specific field methodology was developed, made it possible to quantify the inflow of water directly into the crop. The results indicated a substantial use of water by irrigated agriculture operations in relation to demand and availability, which worsens during periods of minimum flow and causes occasional water deficits. August was the most critical month of demand, with increased disputes over water resources. This finding confirms the need for intervention that ensures fair and shared access to water in the basin.Keywords: Water use, Availability, Olericulture, Irrigation, River Basin.

scholarly journals Drought response impacts on household water use practices in Cape Town, South Africa

Water Policy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phikolomzi Matikinca ◽  
Gina Ziervogel ◽  
Johan P. Enqvist
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Qualitative Understanding ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Water Use Practices

Abstract Cape Town recently endured a record-breaking drought which nearly ended in disaster for the city's water supply. Municipal authorities introduced several measures to curb water demand using both monetary and other incentives, but little is known about how effective these measures were at encouraging people to save water. Previous literature shows no consensus as to which types of measures are most effective for managing residential water demand. Using information obtained through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 20 individuals living in houses where they paid their water bills, this study provides insights on how respondents interpreted and responded to these mechanisms. Results show that price mechanisms were considered to be ineffective and did not encourage people to save water in their households. Non-price mechanisms were seen as having more impact on respondents, encouraging water conservation behaviour; especially when it comes to household indoor water use activities related to hygiene. While previous studies primarily provide quantitative data to measure the effectiveness of water demand management strategies, this paper adds a qualitative understanding of how and why households' water use practices change in response to these measures.

Application of the urban water use model for urban water use management purposes

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Costa dos Santos ◽  
A. Benetti
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Demand Management ◽  
Urban Water Use ◽  
Efficient Water Use

The aim of this work is to present an application of the urban water use (UWU) model, which is a support decision tool to define the best group of efficient water use measures for UWU management purposes. Therefore, the UWU was developed under integrated urban water management (IUWM) and strategic planning principles to promote a systemic approach for decision taking. The IUWM considers the interfaces between water service systems, while by strategic planning it is possible to elaborate a vision to be achieved in future scenarios. Specifically to define the best measure group of efficient water use, the UWU has many alternatives for these measures, which are based on water demand management, decentralized sanitation, ecological sanitation and sustainable urban drainage system philosophies. In this context, the UWU application presented was developed for Seara city, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. In this application a vision and five scenarios were built. The measure groups were composed by greywater systems, filterstrips, water saving devices in buildings, and water loss reduction in water supply systems and wastewater treatment system. In this context the UWU model was applied. The measure group that presented the highest effectiveness was based on the water demand management and decentralized sanitation strategies.

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