scholarly journals Mensurações de campo para disponibilidade e demanda hídrica de agricultura irrigada familiar na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Sujo – Teresópolis (RJ)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 382
Author(s):  
Leonardo Bastos Brum ◽  
André De Souza Avelar
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Channel Flow ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Field Methodology ◽  
Access To Water

A aplicação de mensurações de campo para compreensão da disponibilidade e demanda hídrica na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Sujo é o escopo deste trabalho. Desta forma, a bacia em questão se situa em Teresópolis-RJ, possui 54 km2 e é caracterizada pela ocupação agrícola familiar, organizada em pequenas e médias propriedades, que utilizam sistemas de irrigação por aspersão para execução dos turnos de rega. As mensurações ocorreram ao longo de 2009 e para conhecer a disponibilidade hídrica da bacia, o estudo contou com três estações plúvio-fluviométricas, que permitiram a coleta diária de dados, que foram associados as medições de vazão no canal. E para estimar a demanda de água pela agricultura, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de campo específica, que possibilitou quantificar a entrada de água diretamente para o cultivo. Os resultados se mostraram satisfatórios e indicaram na relação demanda-disponibilidade significativo uso da água pela agricultura irrigada, o que se agrava no período de vazão mínima, ocorrendo situações de déficit hídrico. O mês de agosto se apresentou como o mais crítico, acentuando disputas pelo recurso o que atesta a necessidade de intervenção que garanta o acesso justo e compartilhado da água na bacia.  Field measurements for availability and demand of water in a family irrigated agriculture in the Córrego Sujo basin – Teresópolis (RJ) A B S T R A C TThis study evaluates water availability and demand in the Córrego Sujo watershed through field measurements. This 54 km2 basin is located in Teresópolis-RJ and is characterized by family agricultural operations organized into small and medium-sized properties that use sprinkler irrigation. Field measurements were collected throughout 2009. Three pluvio-fluviometric stations were surveyed daily and this data related with channel flow measurements aimed to know the water availability of the basin. To estimate the water demand for agriculture, a specific field methodology was developed, made it possible to quantify the inflow of water directly into the crop. The results indicated a substantial use of water by irrigated agriculture operations in relation to demand and availability, which worsens during periods of minimum flow and causes occasional water deficits. August was the most critical month of demand, with increased disputes over water resources. This finding confirms the need for intervention that ensures fair and shared access to water in the basin.Keywords: Water use, Availability, Olericulture, Irrigation, River Basin.

scholarly journals Modelling global water stress of the recent past: on the relative importance of trends in water demand and climate variability

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 3785-3808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Wada ◽  
L. P. H. van Beek ◽  
M. F. P. Bierkens
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Global Population

Abstract. During the past decades, human water use has more than doubled, yet available freshwater resources are finite. As a result, water scarcity has been prevalent in various regions of the world. Here, we present the first global assessment of past development of water stress considering not only climate variability but also growing water demand, desalinated water use and non-renewable groundwater abstraction over the period 1960–2001 at a spatial resolution of 0.5°. Agricultural water demand is estimated based on past extents of irrigated areas and livestock densities. We approximate past economic development based on GDP, energy and household consumption and electricity production, which are subsequently used together with population numbers to estimate industrial and domestic water demand. Climate variability is expressed by simulated blue water availability defined by freshwater in rivers, lakes, wetlands and reservoirs by means of the global hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB. We thus define blue water stress by comparing blue water availability with corresponding net total blue water demand by means of the commonly used, Water Scarcity Index. The results show a drastic increase in the global population living under water-stressed conditions (i.e. moderate to high water stress) due to growing water demand, primarily for irrigation, which has more than doubled from 1708/818 to 3708/1832 km3 yr−1 (gross/net) over the period 1960–2000. We estimate that 800 million people or 27% of the global population were living under water-stressed conditions for 1960. This number is eventually increased to 2.6 billion or 43% for 2000. Our results indicate that increased water demand is a decisive factor for heightened water stress in various regions such as India and North China, enhancing the intensity of water stress up to 200%, while climate variability is often a main determinant of extreme events. However, our results also suggest that in several emerging and developing economies (e.g. India, Turkey, Romania and Cuba) some of past extreme events were anthropogenically driven due to increased water demand rather than being climate-induced.

scholarly journals Changes in Climatic Water Availability and Crop Water Demand for Iraq Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleem A. Salman ◽  
Shamsuddin Shahid ◽  
Haitham Abdulmohsin Afan ◽  
Mohammed Sanusi Shiru ◽  
Nadhir Al-Ansari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
The North ◽  
Mk Test ◽  
Crop Water Demand

Decreases in climatic water availability (CWA) and increases in crop water demand (CWD) in the background of climate change are a major concern in arid regions because of less water availability and higher irrigation requirements for crop production. Assessment of the spatiotemporal changes in CWA and CWD is important for the adaptation of irrigated agriculture to climate change for such regions. The recent changes in CWA and CWD during growing seasons of major crops have been assessed for Iraq where rapid changes in climate have been noticed in recent decades. Gridded precipitation of the global precipitation climatology center (GPCC) and gridded temperature of the climate research unit (CRU) having a spatial resolution of 0.5°, were used for the estimation of CWA and CWD using simple water balance equations. The Mann–Kendall (MK) test and one of its modified versions which can consider long-term persistence in time series, were used to estimate trends in CWA for the period 1961–2013. In addition, the changes in CWD between early (1961–1990) and late (1984–2013) periods were evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank test. The results revealed a deficit in water in all the seasons in most of the country while a surplus in the northern highlands in all the seasons except summer was observed. A significant reduction in the annual amount of CWA at a rate of −1 to −13 mm/year was observed at 0.5 level of significance in most of Iraq except in the north. Decreasing trends in CWA in spring (−0.4 to −1.8 mm/year), summer (−5.0 to −11 mm/year) and autumn (0.3 to −0.6 mm/year), and almost no change in winter was observed. The CWA during the growing season of summer crop (millet and sorghum) was found to decrease significantly in most of Iraq except in the north. The comparison of CWD revealed an increase in agricultural water needs in the late period (1984–2013) compared to the early period (1961–1990) by 1.0–8.0, 1.0–14, 15–30, 14–27 and 0.0–10 mm for wheat, barley, millet, sorghum and potato, respectively. The highest increase in CWD was found in April, October, June, June and April for wheat, barley, millet, sorghum and potato, respectively.

scholarly journals ANALISIS SISTEM DINAMIK NERACA AIR DI PULAU TIDORE

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halima Malaka ◽  
M. Yanuar ◽  
J. Purwanto ◽  
Alinda Zein
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Balance System ◽  
Simulation Scenario ◽  
Availability Index

This research was conducted at Tidore Island, –Tidore City, North Maluku Archipelago Province. Objective of this study were  1) build a water balance model Tidore Island. This Method used in this research is method of survey with water balance analysis. Analysis of the data used is the analysis of dynamic system to determine the balance of the year 2009 - 2032 with software stella version 9.0.2. The result of analysis showed that in 2009 there were water balance 21,189,941.20 m3 / year and in 2032 there was a deficit of 427,678.61 m3 / year. Water availability index (IKA) in 2009 amounted to 1416.10 and in the year 2032 amounted to 82.54 IKA the value, it indicates that in 2032 the availability of groundwater only able to serve 82.54% the water demand. To improve the balance of water needed for water saving and conservation policies at each land use.Saving measures water use and conservation of groundwater done using three policy scenarios, the model simulation results indicate that both scenarios can increase the efficiency of water use and water balance in 2009 to 21,270,444.14 m3 / year with a value of 1490.63 and value IKA in 2032 can be water deficit of 31128.46 m3 / year. While the results of the simulation scenario 3 scenario between saving integrated water use and conservation can improve the water balance in 2009 amounted to 21,350,947.08 m3 / year and the value IKA 1573.44, and in 2032 the value decreased to 117.92 IKA shows the availability of ground water able to serve 117.92% of  water demand  people. Keywords: water balance,system dynamic, water demand, ground water availability

Integrating Climate and Socio-Economic Scenarios in a Hydrological Model for the Santa River Basin, Peru

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Teutsch ◽  
Faizan Anwar ◽  
Jochen Seidel ◽  
András Bárdossy ◽  
Christian Huggel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Study Region ◽  
River Catchment

<p>High mountain regions, like the Andes, face various risks due to climate change. In the Santa River catchment in Peru which includes the glaciated Cordillera Blanca, water availability is threatened by many climatic and non-climatic impacts. The water resources in the catchment heavily rely on seasonal precipitation and during the dry season glacier melt water plays an important role. However, both, precipitation patterns and glacier extent are affected by climate change impacts. Additionally, socio-economic changes put further pressure on water resources and hence on water availability.</p> <p>Within the AguaFuturo Project we established a conceptual integrated water balance model based on a semi-distributed HBV model for the data scarce Santa River catchment. The hydrological model processes are extended by feedback loops for agricultural and domestic water use. The model runs on daily time scale and includes two hydrological response units. One includes the irrigated agricultural areas which are predominately located in the valley of the catchment; the other includes non-irrigated areas and domestic water use.</p> <p>To assess future water balance challenges we downscaled and disaggregated monthly CORDEX scenarios for 2020-2050 using information from the new Peruvian precipitation dataset PISCO (Peruvian Interpolated data of the SENAMHI’s Climatological and hydrological Observations) for simulations of future changes in hydro-climatology. In the model, these climate scenarios are combined with possible socio-economic scenarios which are translated into time series for domestic and agricultural water demand. The socio-economic scenarios are developed by using the Cross-Impact-Balance-Analysis (CIB), a method used for analyzing impact networks. Using CIB, the interrelations between 15 social, economic and policy descriptors were analyzed and as a result a total of 29 possible consistent scenarios were determined. For further analysis and validation of these scenarios a participatory process was included, involving local experts and stakeholders of the study region.</p> <p>The climate and socio-economic scenarios are independent and can be combined randomly. The uncertainties of the climatic and socio-economic scenarios are quantified by Monte Carlo simulations.</p> <p>The output of the model runs is an ensemble of possible future discharges of the Santa River, which can be further analyzed statistically to assess the range of the possible discharges. This evaluation provides an estimate of the probability of water shortages, especially with regard to conflict potential with hydropower production and the large scale irrigated agriculture areas in the adjacent coastal desert which also rely on water from the Santa River.</p>

scholarly journals Air dan Konflik: Studi Kasus Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Hary Jocom ◽  
Daniel D Kameo ◽  
Intiyas Utami ◽  
A. Ign. Kristijanto
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Conflict ◽  
Social Harmony ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Water Scarce

ABSTRAK Secara perhitungan teknis, antara ketersediaan air dan kebutuhan air per kapita mencukupi di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, namun permasalahan aksesibilitas yang menyebabkan terjadinya kekeringan dibeberapa wilayah. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Kolbano dan Kualin, Kab. TTS bertujuan pembuktian teori Homer-Dixon dan Gleick tentang konflik berbasis sumber daya alam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwapertama, ketidakadilan akses terhadap sumber daya air tidak menimbulkan konflik antar masyarakat, dan kedua, tidak terjadi migrasi besar dari wilayah langka air ke wilayah lain. Faktor yang melandasiadalah adanyanilai-nilai budaya yang masih dipercaya dan dijaga, sehingga mampumenciptakan harmoni sosial. Temuan empirik ini menjadi sebuah penemuan teori baru dari pengembangan teori Homer-Dixon dan Gleick yang menyatakan bahwa kelangkaan sumber daya alam/air menimbulkan konflik, namun tidak terjadi dalam konteks masyarakat di Kec. Kolbano dan Kualin, dan wilayah lain di Kab. TTS.   Kata kunci: Kelangkaan air, konflik, sumberdaya air, sumber daya alam ABSTRACT In technical calculations, between water availability and water demand per capita is sufficient in Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) East Nusa Tenggara province, but the problem of accessibility caused drought in some areas. This research was conducted in the District Kolbano and Kualin, Kab. TTS aims at proving the theory Homer-Dixon and Gleick about natural resource-based conflicts. The results showed that the first, inequality in access to water resources does not generate conflicts between communities, and second, there was no major migration of water-scarce region to region. Factors underlying is their cultural values ​​are still believed and guarded, so as to create social harmony. These empirical findings into a discovery of a new theory of the development of the theory of Homer-Dixon and Gleick stating that the scarcity of natural resources / water conflict, but did not occur in the context of the community in the district Kolbano and Kualin, and other areas in the district TTS.   Keywords: Conflict, natural resources, water resources, water scarcity Cara sitasi: Jocom, H., Kameo, D.D., Utami, I., dan Kristijanto, A.I. (2016). Air dan Konflik: Studi Kasus Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan. 14(1),51-61, doi:10.14710/jil.14.1.51-61

scholarly journals Trends and future challenges of water resources in the Tigris–Euphrates Rivers basin in Iraq

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 14617-14644 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Issa ◽  
N. A. Al-Ansari ◽  
G. Sherwany ◽  
S. Knutsson
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Stream Flow ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
East Region ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Middle East Region

Abstract. Iraq is one of the riparian countries within basins of Tigris–Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East region. The region is currently facing water shortage problems due to the increase of the demand and climate changes. In the present study, average monthly water flow measurements for 15 stream flow gaging stations within basins of these rivers in Iraq with population growth rate data in some of its part were used to evaluate the reality of the current situation and future challenges of water availability and demand in Iraq. The results showed that Iraq receives annually 70.29 km3 of water 45.4 and 25.52 km3 from River Tigris and Euphrates respectively. An amount of 18.04 km3 is supplied by its tributaries inside Iraq. The whole amount of water in the Euphrates Rivers comes outside the Iraqi borders. Annual decrease of the water inflow is 0.1335 km3 yr−1 for Tigris and 0.245 km3 yr−1 for Euphrates. This implies the annual percentage reduction of inflow rates for the two rivers is 0.294 and 0.960% respectively. Iraq consumes annually 88.89% (63.05 km3) of incoming water from the two rivers, where about 60.43 and 39.57% are from Rivers Tigris and Euphrates respectively. Water demand increases annually by 0.896 km3; of which 0.5271 and 0.475 km3 within Tigris and Euphrates basins respectively. The average water demand in 2020 will increase to 42.844 km3 yr−1 for Tigris basin and for Euphrates 29.225 km3 yr−1 (total 72.069 km3 yr−1), while water availability will decrease to 63.46 km3 yr−1. This means that the overall water shortage will be restricted to 8.61 km3.

Current and future water balance in a Peruvian water catchment – combining hydro-climatic and socio-economic scenarios

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Teutsch ◽  
Alina Motschmann ◽  
Christian Huggel ◽  
Jochen Seidel ◽  
Christian D. León ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Multiple Model

<p>In the Santa River catchment (Cordillera Blanca) in Peru, water availability is threatened by climate change and socio-economic factors, but little is known about relations and interactions of multiple climatic and non-climatic stressors.</p><p>We developed a conceptual integrated water balance model that combines hydro-climatic and socio-economic scenarios, in order to analyze variability of water resources and water availability in the Santa River basin until 2050. The model is based on a lumped HBV model including a glacier - snow model (GSM) to simulate the hydro-climatic processes. In addition, the model was extended by feedback loops for agricultural and domestic water use. The model was calibrated and validated using the Peruvian Interpolated Data of SENAMHI’s Climatological and Hydrological Observations (PISCO) temperature and precipitation data. To assess future water balance challenges we used monthly CORDEX scenarios for 2020-2050 for simulations of future changes in hydro-climatology. These climate scenarios are combined with possible socio-economic scenarios, which were based on stakeholder interviews, workshops and analysis of available data and information concerning water demand. The scenarios that describe changes in the future socio-economic conditions were developed by means of Cross-Impact Balance Analysis (CIB), a semi-formalized method from systems analysis which allows the construction of socio-economic scenarios based on an impact network of different (socio-economic) drivers.</p><p>The uncertainty in the climate projections is accounted for by using different global circulation model-regional climate model (GCM-RCM) combinations from CORDEX data. The uncertainty in the socio-economic scenarios was addressed by using possible ranges for future developments in water demand depending on the tendencies provided by the CIB analysis (e.g. increasing, constant or decreasing water demand). The climate and socio-economic scenarios are randomly combined in multiple model runs, which result in an ensemble of possible future discharges of the Santa River for each scenario combination.</p><p>Results suggest that the mean annual discharge is projected to increase by 10% (±12%) driven by an increase in annual precipitation amounts of about 14% (RCP2.6) and 18% (RCP8.5), respectively. In contrast, mean dry-season discharge is projected to decrease by 33% and 36% (±24%) by 2050, for RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively, mainly driven by diminishing glacier melt discharge. We found that the projected socio-economic changes compared to climatic changes are less pronounced mainly due to higher variations in the trends of the global climate models. Nonetheless, the socio-economic drivers have a major effect on dry-season water availability. The increase of wet season and the decrease of dry season discharge call for different adaptation measures including improvements in water use efficiency, infrastructure and storage capacities.</p><p> </p>

Economic analysis of domestic, industrial and agricultural water demands in China

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhou ◽  
R.S.J. Tol
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Output Elasticity ◽  
Province Level ◽  
Water Uses

Demand management plays an increasingly important role in dealing with water scarcity in China. It is important to understand the level and pattern of water use in various sectors across the regions for any measures being put into effect. The aim of this study is to enhance the understanding of the factors that influence water demand by examining closely the water use in domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors. Using province level panel data from 1997 to 2003, the examination shows that the regional disparity in the level and pattern of water uses is considerable. The estimation of water demand shows that both economic and climatic variables have significant effects on water demand. The results suggest an income elasticity of 0.42 for the domestic sector, an output elasticity of −0.32 for industrial water use (per unit of output), and an output elasticity of −0.23 for irrigated agriculture (per land area).

scholarly journals The potency of water availability and its use by the community around the Mount Merbabu National Park

2021 ◽  
Vol 325 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Lugas Prasetyo ◽  
Ambar Kusumandari
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
National Park ◽  
Volumetric Method ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
A Value ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Spring Catchment ◽  
Vegetation Characteristics

Water is one of the basic needs for every living thing, including humans. This study aims to determine the availability of water in the two springs, the utilization of water by the community around MMNP, the vegetation characteristics of the spring catchment areas, and the Water Use Index (WUI). Data of water availability was taken using the volumetric method. Water utilization by the community is collected by doing the interviews with the respondents. The vegetation characteristics is analyzed based on the vegetation density by using the NDVI method. Meanwhile, the Water Use Index (WUI) is obtained from a comparison between water demand and water supply. The results showed that the water debit available in the Tuk Simuncar and Tuk sipendok was 23.22 liters/second and 31.20 liters/second which were classified as class IV. The area of Tuk simuncar is dominated by high density vegetation (75 Ha), while Tuk Sipendok is dominated by moderate density vegetation (102.28 Ha). The community around MMNP uses 211 liters of water for household needs, 59 liters for livestock, and 10 liters for agriculture. The Water Use Index (WUA) of the two springs has a value of 0.3 which is included in the low level.

scholarly journals Dealing with variability in water availability: the case of the Verde Grande River basin, Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 364 ◽  
pp. 176-181
Author(s):  
B. Collischonn ◽  
A. V. Lopes ◽  
A. R. Pante
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Managing Risk ◽  
Semi Arid Region

Abstract. This paper presents a water resources management strategy developed by the Brazilian National Water Agency (ANA) to cope with the conflicts between water users in the Verde Grande River basin, located at the southern border of the Brazilian semi-arid region. The basin is dominated by water-demanding fruit irrigation agriculture, which has grown significantly and without adequate water use control, over the last 30 years. The current water demand for irrigation exceeds water availability (understood as a 95 % percentile of the flow duration curve) in a ratio of three to one, meaning that downstream water users are experiencing more frequent water shortages than upstream ones. The management strategy implemented in 2008 has the objective of equalizing risk for all water users and consists of a set of rules designed to restrict water withdrawals according to current river water level (indicative of water availability) and water demand. Under that rule, larger farmers have proportionally larger reductions in water use, preserving small subsistence irrigators. Moreover, dry season streamflow is forecasted at strategic points by the end of every rainy season, providing evaluation of shortage risk. Thus, water users are informed about the forecasts and corresponding restrictions well in advance, allowing for anticipated planning of irrigated areas and practices. In order to enforce restriction rules, water meters were installed in all larger water users and inefficient farmers were obligated to improve their irrigation systems’ performance. Finally, increases in irrigated area are only allowed in the case of annual crops and during months of higher water availability (November to June). The strategy differs from convectional approached based only on water use priority and has been successful in dealing with natural variability of water availability, allowing more water to be used in wet years and managing risk in an isonomic manner during dry years.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document