Some Experimental Discussion of Accuracies in Quantitative Virus Assessment for Water Supply

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Hisashi Sumitomo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Lake Biwa ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Statistical Procedure ◽  
Statistical Nature ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Risk ◽  
Precise Assessment

Chlorination has been believed to be the best sterilization method in water supply engineering for many years. However, the recent carcinogenic problem of trihalomethanes (THM) formed from organic compounds by chlorination requires us to assess the public health risk of THM. The author tried an assessment of a suitable chlorination technique considering both the effects of THM and viruses on human health, using Lake Biwa as a representative example of a water resource in Japan. Statistical handling of data was revealed to be important because of the statistical nature of the data. In other words, since both concentrations are very low in tap water, we need to quantify both the effects and concentrations with probabilities. In the first part of this paper, a statistical procedure and numerical results of the assessment of virus and THM risks are shown. In the second part some results of accuracies in virus experiments are briefly shown. These experiments concerning statistical problems are particularly important for more precise assessment of the public risk of viruses in tap water.

scholarly journals Content of Fluorine in Drinking Water in FYR Macedonia

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-37
Author(s):  
M. Carcev ◽  
D. Gjorgev ◽  
F. Tozija ◽  
H. Petanovski
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Optimal Concentration ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
The Public ◽  
Who Standards

Abstract From all the methods applied in preventing dental caries, the most significant is the use of fluorides. Nowadays, 6 decades after its massive use, it can certainly be argued that it is the most efficient, cheapest and safest way of preventing dental caries, confirmed by more than 150 longitudinal studies. In order to determine the presence of fluorides in drinking water, in coordination with the Institute for Public Health of the FYR Macedonia in 2009, we conducted a research for determining the presence of fluorides in drinking water from the public water supply in the country. The results from the research showed that concentration of fluorine in drinking water in our country is under 0.3ppm (0.3 mg per litre of water), which indicates a really low amount in accordance to the WHO standards. Optimal concentration was registered in only few water supply facilities in less settled areas, while hyper-fluorinated water was registered in few village wells, which were put out of use after they were located.

scholarly journals The Evolution Model of Public Risk Perception Based on Pandemic Spreading Theory under Perspective of COVID-19

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yi-Cheng Zhang ◽  
Zhi Li ◽  
Guo-Bing Zhou ◽  
Nai-Ru Xu ◽  
Jia-Bao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Public Risk ◽  
And Control

After the occurrence of public health emergencies, due to the uncertainty of the evolution of events and the asymmetry of pandemic information, the public’s risk perception will fluctuate dramatically. Excessive risk perception often causes the public to overreact to emergencies, resulting in irrational behaviors, which have a negative impact on economic development and social order. However, low-risk perception will reduce individual awareness of prevention and control, which is not conducive to the implementation of government pandemic prevention and control measures. Therefore, it is of great significance to accurately evaluate public risk perception for improving government risk management. This paper took the evolution of public risk perception based on the COVID-19 region as the research object. First, we analyze the characteristics of infectious diseases in the evolution of public risk perception of public health emergencies. Second, we analyze the characteristics of risk perception transmission in social networks. Third, we establish the dynamic model of public risk perception evolution based on SEIR, and the evolution mechanism of the public risk perception network is revealed through simulation experiments. Finally, we provide policy suggestions for government departments to deal with public health emergencies based on the conclusions of this study.

ESTIMATION OF HAIR ARSENIC AND STATISTICAL NATURE OF ARSENICOSIS IN HIGHLY ARSENIC EXPOSED BANGLISH VILLAGE IN COMILLA DISTRICT OF BANGLADESH

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 101-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
MD. SHAFIQUL ISLAM ◽  
KOICHIRO SERA ◽  
TOSHIHIRO TAKATSUJI ◽  
MD. ANWAR HOSSAIN ◽  
TSUYOSHI NAKAMURA
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Statistical Nature ◽  
The Public ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Pixe Method ◽  
Total Environment

This study was carried out to investigate biological and statistical nature of arsenicosis risks on a severely arsenic ( As ) affected population in the Banglish village in Comilla district of Bangladesh. Subject's hair As and vegetables As levels were estimated by PIXE method, and arsenicosis status of the subject was examined by a physician. Arsenicosis was found in 45% female and 61% male subjects. Arsenic levels > 0.50 ppm showed greater arsenicosis risks that significantly varied with subject's sex and age. Unlike children, young (≥10 years) to middle aged (~49 years) population were significantly affected by arsenicosis. Logistic regression model analysis showed that arsenicosis risks are not only the devastating toxicity of As accumulation in human body through ingestion of contaminated drinking water, but the summation of all sources of As accumulation. Human hair As levels were found as the biomarker ranging from 0.03-8.3 μg/g in stage I arsenicosis patients, and from 1.1-56.9 ppm in the stage II patients up to 49 age. Hair As level was declined to 2.2-25.5 ppm at > 49 aged population. The findings inferred that groundwater As affecting the public health through contaminating total environment, that in turn posing an alarming situation in the study area.

scholarly journals Systematic review of tattoo-associated skin infection with rapidly growing mycobacteria and public health investigation of a cluster in Scotland, 2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
P D Conaglen ◽  
I F Laurenson ◽  
A Sergeant ◽  
S N Thorn ◽  
A Rayner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Skin Infection ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
Mycobacterium Chelonae ◽  
Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria ◽  
The Public ◽  
Environmental Investigation ◽  
Sporadic Cases

Sporadic cases and outbreaks of tattoo-associated skin infection with rapidly growing mycobacteria have been reported although they often contain few details of public health investigations and have not previously been systematically collated. We present the details of the public health investigation of a cluster of cases, which occurred in Scotland in 2010. Investigation of the cluster involved case finding, environmental investigation of the tattoo studio and pathological and microbiological investigation of possible cases and tattoo ink. Mycobacterium chelonae was isolated from one case and three probable cases were identified. M. chelonae was grown from an opened bottle of ink sourced from the studio these cases had attended. In addition, in order to identify all published cases, we conducted a systematic review of all reported cases of tattoo-associated skin infection with rapidly growing mycobacteria. A total of 25 reports were identified, describing 71 confirmed and 71 probable cases. Mycobacteria were isolated in 71 cases and M. chelonae was cultured from 48 of these. The most frequently postulated cause of infection was the dilution of black ink with tap water. Reports of tattoo-associated rapidly growing mycobacterial skin infection are increasing in frequency. Interested agencies must work with the tattoo industry to reduce the risk of contamination during tattoo ink manufacture, distribution and application.

scholarly journals LONDON WATER-SUPPLY AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH ACT.

The Lancet ◽  
1872 ◽  
Vol 100 (2555) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
W.J. Kay-Shuttleworth
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Act

scholarly journals The Risk Perception, Behavior of the Public and Public Emotional Guidance Under Emergency of Public Health Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Hui-Min Zong ◽  
Yu-Jia Wang ◽  
Lin-Ling Shi ◽  
Yi-Bo Wu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Public Risk ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Emergency Decision Making ◽  
Emergency Decision ◽  
The Impact

The psychological changes and behavior of the public in the face of public health emergencies are the important reference for emergency decision-making. This paper systematically reviews the risk perception, behavior and emotion under public health emergencies, and attempts to provide a theoretical framework for the in-depth study of the relationship and influencing factors among the three, so as to further explore the impact of emergency communication resource allocation on public risk perception, behavior and emotion. To provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of a multi-level and comprehensive emotional guidance mechanism.

scholarly journals Fluoride concentration in public water supply: 72 months of analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzely Adas Saliba Moimaz ◽  
Orlando Saliba ◽  
Fernando Yamamoto Chiba ◽  
Doris Hissako Sumida ◽  
Cléa Adas Saliba Garbin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Graduate Program ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
The Public ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
The City

Known as one of the ten most important advances on Public Health in the 20th century, fluoridation of public water supply is a measure of wide population coverage, which is effective on caries control. The city of Araçatuba, in the Northwest region of the São Paulo state, Brazil, started public water supply fluoridation in 1972 and, based on the average annual highest temperature, has kept the fluoride concentration between 0.6 to 0.8 mgF/L. The purpose of this study was to analyze monthly the fluoride concentration in public water supply in the city of Araçatuba during 72 months. Water samples were collected monthly on weekdays, directly from the water distribution network, on pre-established locations and analyzed in duplicate between November 2004 and October 2010 at the Research Laboratory of the Nucleus for Public Health (NEPESCO) of the Public Health Graduate Program from Araçatuba Dental School/UNESP, Brazil, using an fluoride-specific electrode connected to an ion analyzer. From the total of samples (n=591), 67.2% (n=397) presented fluoride concentration between 0.6 and 0.8 mgF/L; 20.6% (n=122) below 0.6 mgF/L; 11.5% (n=68) between 0.8 and 1.2 mgF/L and 0.7% (n=4) above 1.2 mgF/L. Most samples showed fluoride levels within the recommended parameters. Minimal variation was observed among the analyzed collection locations, showing that the city has been able to control the fluoride levels in the public water supply and reinforcing the importance of surveillance and constant monitoring to assure the quality of the water delivered to the population.

Mechanistic insights of degradation of O-Anisidine carcinogenic pollutant initiated by OH radial attack: Theoretical investigations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Abdel-Rahman ◽  
Mohamed Shibl ◽  
Safwat sayed abdel-Azeim ◽  
safinaz hamdy El-Demerdash ◽  
Nessreen Al-Hashimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Theoretical Investigation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Theoretical Investigations

O-anisidine (O-AND) is one of the amino organic compounds that harm the public health, and is considered as a carcinogenic chemical. Herein, we present a thorough theoretical investigation on O-AND...

GiardiaandCryptosporidiuminfections in sheep and goats: a review of the potential for transmission to humans via environmental contamination

2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (7) ◽  
pp. 913-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
The Public ◽  
Genotypic Distribution ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Health Communities ◽  
Precautionary Measures

SUMMARYThe public health significance of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in sheep is currently unclear. Some research suggests that they are probably not an important zoonotic reservoir, whilst other research indicates this potential exists, and some outbreaks have also been associated with infections in sheep. Actions to limit water supply contamination by sheep have sometimes been severe, occasionally creating problems between farming and public health communities. Here our knowledge on these parasites in both sheep and goats is reviewed; although direct evidence of transmission to humans via water supply contamination is limited, the data accrued indicate that this is a real possibility. As cryptosporidiosis in sheep is generally more prevalent than giardiasis, and species/genotypes ofCryptosporidiuminfections in sheep are likely to be infectious to humans, this parasite may be considered the greater threat. Nevertheless, geographical variation in prevalence and genotypic distribution is extensive and as measures to limit sheep grazing can have a highly negative impact, it is important that cases are judged individually. If water contamination from a particular population of sheep/goats is suspected, then suitable investigations should be instigated, investigating both prevalence and species/genotype, before precautionary measures are imposed.

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