Loading rates of nutrients discharging from a golf course and a neighboring forested basin

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takao Kunimatsu ◽  
Miki Sudo ◽  
Takeshi Kawachi
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Phosphorus Loading ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Japanese Cypress ◽  
Arithmetic Average ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Runoff Rate

In the last ten years, the number of golf courses has been increasing in some countries as the game gains popularity. This indicates, a need to estimate the nutrient loading from golf courses in order to prevent the eutrophication of water bodies. Nutrient concentrations and flow rates of a brook were measured once a week from 1989 to 1990 at two sites: Site A of a brook flowing out from D-golf course (53 ha) and Site B of the same brook discharging into the golf course from an upper forested basin (23 ha) covered mainly with planted Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa SIEB. et ZUCC). The bedrock of the area was granite. The annual values of precipitation and mean temperature were 1947 mm and 13.5°C in 1989, respectively. The arithmetic average values of discharge from the forested basin and the golf course were 0.392 and 1.26 mg/l total nitrogen (TN), 0.0072 and 0.145 mg/l total phosphorus (TP), 0.82 and 3.53 mg/l potassium ion (K+, 5.92 and 8.24 mg/l sodium ion (Na+), 2.1 and 9.9 mg/l suspending solid (0.001–2.0 mm, SS), 0.087 and 0.147 mS/cm electric conductivity (EC), and 0.031 and 0.037 m3/km2•s specific discharge, respectively. The loading rates of the forested basin and the golf course were 5.42 and 13.5 TN, 0.133 and 3.04 TP, 8.84 and 33.9 K+, 55.0 and 73.0 Na+, and 54.3 and 118 SS in kg/ha•y. The leaching and runoff rate of nitrogen in the chemical fertilizers applied on the golf course was calculated as 32%. These results indicated the importance of controlling the phosphorus loading for the management of golf courses.

Effects of hypolimnetic oxygenation on water quality in Amisk Lake, Alberta, a deep, eutrophic lake with high internal phosphorus loading rates

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 2111-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
E E Prepas ◽  
J M Burke
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Phosphorus Loading ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Oxygen Injection ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Hypolimnetic Oxygen ◽  
Injection Rates

Year-round injection of pure oxygen into the hypolimnion of one of two basins in Amisk Lake during 1988-1993 changed dissolved oxygen (DO) and nutrient concentrations in both lake basins without eliminating thermal stratification. Changes were greatest in the treated basin and during 1990-1993, when an upgraded injection system operated; injection rates of <<= 1.3 t · day-1 increased mean summer hypolimnetic DO concentrations from 1.0 (1980-1987) to 4.6 mg ·L-1 (1990-1993). Summer hypolimnetic DO depletion rates nearly doubled relative to the pretreatment period. Mean summer hypolimnetic total phosphorus (TP) concentrations decreased from 123 to 56 µg · L-1, despite low iron to phosphorus ratios near the sediments. Similarly, mean hypolimnetic ammonium concentrations declined from 120 to 42 µg ·L-1. Epilimnetic TP and chlorophyll a concentrations decreased to 87 and 45%, respectively, of pretreatment summer means. Oxygen consumption rates in the treated basin were lower in winter than in summer; injection rates of <<= 0.8 t ·d-1 increased mean winter deepwater DO concentrations from 2.5 to 7.2 mg ·L-1. In winter, mean deepwater TP concentrations decreased from 96 to 51 µg ·L-1. Oxygenation enhanced deepwater circulation in the treated basin in summer and winter. No changes were seen in two other reference basins during the study period. The hypolimnetic oxygen injection technology developed at Amisk Lake can be a cost-effective management tool for lakes with high hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rates related to high internal nutrient loading rates.

scholarly journals Assessment of Trophic Responses of a Reservoir to Seasonal and Annual Variations in Monsoon

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2117
Author(s):  
Su-mi Kim ◽  
Hyun-su Kim
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Trophic State ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Phytoplankton Growth ◽  
Phosphorus Loading ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Trophic State Index ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Post Monsoon Season ◽  
State Index

The variations in water quality parameters and trophic status of a multipurpose reservoir in response to changing intensity of monsoon rain was investigated by applying a trophic state index deviation (TSID) analysis and an empirical regression model to the data collected in two periods from 2014 to 2017. The reservoir in general maintained mesotrophic conditions, and Carlson’s trophic state index (TSIc) was affected most by TSITP. Nutrient concentrations, particularly phosphorus, did not show strong correlations with precipitation, particularly in the period with weak monsoon, and a significant increase in total phosphorus (TP) was observed in Spring 2015, indicating the possibility of internal phosphorus loading under decreased depth and stability of water body due to a lack of precipitation. TSIChl was higher than TSISD in most data in period 1 when a negligible increase in precipitation was observed in the monsoon season while a significant fraction in period 2 showed the opposite trend. Phytoplankton growth was not limited by nutrient limitation although nutrient ratios (N/P) of most samples were significantly higher than 20, indicating phosphorus-limited condition. TSID and regression analysis indicated that phytoplankton growth was limited by zooplankton grazing in the Spring, and that cell concentrations and community structure in the monsoon and post-monsoon season were controlled by the changing intensity of the monsoon, as evidenced by the positive and negative relationships between community size and cyanobacterial population with the amount of precipitation in the Summer, respectively. The possibility of contribution from internal loading and an increase in cyanobacterial population associated with weak monsoon, in addition to potential for nutrient enrichment in the post-monsoon season, implies a need for the application of more stringent water quality management in the reservoir that can handle all potential scenarios of eutrophication.

scholarly journals Heat transfer, physiological responses, and subjective perceptions during short contact time with wood or other materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Tsunetsugu ◽  
Masaki Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Material Interface ◽  
Japanese Cypress ◽  
Subjective Perceptions ◽  
Short Contact Time

AbstractThis study investigates the physiological responses and subjective perceptions of touching wood. In particular, it focuses on their respective relationships with the amount of heat transfer across the hand–material interface during contact. The study participants included 55 university students (20 females and 35 males) who gave written informed consent. The participants’ blood pressure, pulse rate, and cerebral blood hemoglobin concentrations were measured continuously for 90 s while they gently held vertical bar-shaped specimens of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), Japanese oak (Quercus crispula), polyethylene, and aluminum. The specimens also included wood with a surface coating. We measured subjective warmth and comfort as well as the heat flux between the palm and the surface of the material. The wooden materials were rated as significantly warmer compared to aluminum and polyethylene, regardless of the wood species (cypress or oak) or its coating; this result corresponds with smaller heat transfers in the wooden materials. Additionally, the wooden materials were more comfortable to hold as compared to the aluminum bar. Based on the changes in blood pressure, touching Japanese cypress and uncoated Japanese oak were interpreted to induce less physiological stress. Therefore, we can conclude that wood, with lower thermal conductivity, feels warm, and it causes relatively smaller physiological changes compared to other materials with higher thermal conductivity. Thus, they may present less physiological burdens when touched.

scholarly journals A Model Study on the Role of Wetland Zones in Lake Eutrophication and Restoration

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 605-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Janse ◽  
W. Ligtvoet ◽  
S. Van Tol ◽  
A.H.M. Bresser
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Predatory Fish ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
Mixing Rate ◽  
Marsh Vegetation ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Critical Loading ◽  
Marsh Area

Shallow lakes respond in different ways to changes in nutrient loading (nitrogen, phosphorus). These lakes may be in two different states: turbid, dominated by phytoplankton, and clear, dominated by submerged macrophytes. Both states are self-stabilizing; a shift from turbid to clear occurs at much lower nutrient loading than a shift in the opposite direction. These critical loading levels vary among lakes and are dependent on morphological, biological, and lake management factors. This paper focuses on the role of wetland zones. Several processes are important: transport and settling of suspended solids, denitrification, nutrient uptake by marsh vegetation (increasing nutrient retention), and improvement of habitat conditions for predatory fish. A conceptual model of a lake with surrounding reed marsh was made, including these relations. The lake-part of this model consists of an existing lake model named PCLake[1]. The relative area of lake and marsh can be varied. Model calculations revealed that nutrient concentrations are lowered by the presence of a marsh area, and that the critical loading level for a shift to clear water is increased. This happens only if the mixing rate of the lake and marsh water is adequate. In general, the relative marsh area should be quite large in order to have a substantial effect. Export of nutrients can be enhanced by harvesting of reed vegetation. Optimal predatory fish stock contributes to water quality improvement, but only if combined with favourable loading and physical conditions. Within limits, the presence of a wetland zone around lakes may thus increase the ability of lakes to cope with nutrients and enhance restoration. Validation of the conclusions in real lakes is recommended, a task hampered by the fact that, in the Netherlands, many wetland zones have disappeared in the past.

scholarly journals GOLF COURSES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (Suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 864-867
Author(s):  
Boyan Doytchev
Keyword(s):  
Golf Course ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
The World ◽  
Environmental Norms ◽  
Ecological Culture

Golf is a popular and traditional sport in countries like Scotland, UK, USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, Denmark, etc. Over the last decades, it has gained increasing popularity in many countries around the world, established as tourist, spa recreation and sports destinations. Interest in the sport under discussion has progressively increased over the years. In this article, we only discuss golf courses and their impact on the environment. We will not comment on whether a given golf course is appropriate from a community perspective - a very important issue. This requires the construction of golf courses in accordance with environmental norms and policies, as well as with the development of the ecological culture of society.

scholarly journals Development of mobile control system for lighting tower in golf courses

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.12) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Yong Ho Kim ◽  
Hui IL Chang
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Remote Control ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Operation Management ◽  
Control Individual ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Lighting Control ◽  
Remote Control System ◽  
User Device

Background/Objectives: It is a common for existing golf courses to manage all lighting facilities in batches because it is hard to controllighting individually. That is very much part of the golf courses and forces the whole golf course to light on even though play was finished due to the difficulty of real time checking situationMethods/Statistical analysis: Lighting control device and method in this study are provided not only to control remotely individual lighting installed each hole in golf course but to inspect failure of lighting. There is no longer to stay golf course in person to control lighting system.Findings:Lighting control device and method to be able to control individual lighting installed each hole in golf course is provided to response for the problem in a waste of electricity after playing. User device makes it possible to remotely control lighting and inspect failure of itImprovements/Applications: It can expect to reduce golf course operation management cost by building a smart tower remote control system  

scholarly journals Deodorizing Effect of Japanese Cypress （Chamaecyparis obtusa） Sawdust and Monoterpenes on Trimethylamine

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 416-422
Author(s):  
Tomoka NAKAMURA ◽  
Yuma MONOBE ◽  
Hitoshi IWAMOTO ◽  
Noboru KISHIMOTO ◽  
Masamitsu DOI
Keyword(s):  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Japanese Cypress
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