scholarly journals Effluent standards for developing countries: combining the technology- and water quality-based approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 133-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M.J. Ragas ◽  
P.A.G.M. Scheren ◽  
H.I. Konterman ◽  
R.S.E.W. Leuven ◽  
P. Vugteveen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Effluent Standards ◽  
The Usa

It is a challenge for developing countries to realize socio-economical development without impairing water resources in an unacceptable way. A possible means for controlling water pollution is through defining, applying and enforcing effluent standards for wastewater discharges. However, in many developing countries the definition of effluent standards is still poor. They are either too stringent because they are based on standards from developed countries, or too relaxed and therefore they do not guarantee the safe intended uses of water. In order to define an approach for setting effluent standards that suits the needs and means of developing counties, water quality management practices in the USA, the EU, the New Independent States (NIS) and the Philippines were analyzed and compared. Four criteria (protection of the environment, technical viability, economic feasibility and institutional capacity requirements) were used to assess the suitability of these practices for developing countries. It is concluded that a combined approach that is based on best available technology not entailing excessive costs and environmental quality standards is the best way to define effluent standards that restrict water pollution against affordable costs.

A storm water retrofit plan for the mimico creek watershed

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
J. Y. Li ◽  
D. Banting
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Planning Tool ◽  
Creek Watershed ◽  
Urbanized Areas ◽  
Goals And Objectives

Storm water quality management in urbanized areas remains a challenge to Canadian municipalities as the funding and planning mechanisms are not well defined. In order to provide assistance to urbanized municipalities in the Great Lakes areas, the Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment commissioned the authors to develop a Geographic Information System planning tool for storm water quality management in urbanized areas. The planning tool comprises five steps: (1) definition of storm water retrofit goals and objectives; (2) identification of appropriate retrofit storm water management practices; (3) formulation of storm water retrofit strategies; (4) evaluation of strategies with respect to retrofit goals and objectives; and (5) selection of storm water retrofit strategies. A case study of the fully urbanized Mimico Creek wateshed in the City of Toronto is used to demonstrate the application of the planning tool.

scholarly journals POPULATION PATTERN AND HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN RELATION TO BIO-PHYSICOCHEMICAL WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS IN THE NAGA RIVER

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
Mariel R. Estrella
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Large Household ◽  
Population Pattern ◽  
Waste Management Practices ◽  
Ph Level

Rapid population growth and urbanization over the years has put pressure on natural resources threatening various fragile ecosystems. Naga river in the Philippines became a mute witness to the adverse effects of human activities on its waters. The present study took into account the waste management practices of households along the Naga river to elucidate its relation to the bio-physicochemical state of the river. The comparative analysis of water quality assessment data indicates that there is an observable deterioration of water quality due to its decreased level of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and above normal pH level. This can be attributed to the continued practice of the households of throwing and discharging 34% and 78% of their solid and liquid wastes, respectively, directly into the river. However, there is a trend of improvement in the Naga river's water quality in terms of other parameters. The study also revealed that the size of built up areas and the household population along the Naga river is not necessarily proportional. Land use and the large household population along the Naga river was found to have higher adverse impacts on the water quality and current state of the Naga river. KEYWORDS: Naga River, water quality, waste management, community survey

scholarly journals The Role of Electric Power Sector in China’s Global Economic Expansion

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 188-202
Author(s):  
R. A. Epikhina
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Economic Expansion ◽  
The Impact

The article discusses some of the major characteristics and trends of China’s economic expansion in the global power industry. It argues that by investing in electricity infrastructure China creates prerequisites for long-term dominance in one of the key sectors in a number of countries and regions. Deals in the power sector are mainly implemented by state-owned companies and facilitated by state-owned financial institutions. In terms of structure and geography, foreign investment in the electricity sector is dominated by traditional types of generation in developing countries. However, China has been diversifying into renewables, nuclear power and grids and entering markets of the developed countries. The creation of a special international organization (GEIDCO) should facilitate its expansion in the electricity sector abroad. It is worth noting that foreign economic expansion plays an important role in supporting China’s slowing economy amid the transformation of its growth model. It allows China to adopt advanced technologies and best management practices in developed countries while forming alternative value chains, as well as promoting its own equipment and standards (especially in ultra-high voltage power transmission) in the developing countries. However, given the impact of the trade war, increasing securitization of the Chinese foreign investments, Chinese authorities’ control over capital outflows and the rising environmental concerns in developing countries, further expansion of the Chinese capital in the global electricity industry is likely to be held back, while competition from non-Chinese electricity companies is likely to grow.

scholarly journals Sustainable Development, Education for Sustainable Development and Philippine Community

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Jim F. Raborar
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World

Abstract Development is an innate manifestation on earth. It is not even surprising that the world has developed tremendously over the past decade considering the development in the previous decades. That is, development precipitates development. Therefore, even though everybody can see what risks it brings to the earth, we cannot simply restrain it. Of course, we cannot restrain it. The bottomline is that we have no choice but to be part of the development and be one of those who assist in the ever spontaneous development by trying to minimize its unwanted effects to the planet and its inhabitantants, the humans. Even looking at the ‘development’ from one’s own microcosm, we can perceive that as we go through life and gain some of what this world can offer, we produce tons and tons of wastes. These wastes, which are naturally not part of the earth, pollute and disrupt the natural processes of the planet. It is also simple to notice that the fundamental cause of the depletion of the earth’s natural resources was definitely proportional to the increase in population and to the development itself. Here lies one of the underlying global problems at hand aside from poverty, hunger, low access to education, and other socio-anthropological issues we have, this is the issue on natural resources depletion. Even to worldleaders from well-developed countries can recognize that they will also be the ones at the receiving end of this problem. It is basic that living organisms rely on their environment or the abiotic factors, to live sustainably. Considering these problems, the United Nations, with the worldleaders as its composition, has come up with strategies that advocate development while keeping the earth’s natural resources from depletion or the earth’s natural processes from disruption. This advocacy is called Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development is the development that meets the need of the present generation without compromising the ability of the next generation to meet their own needs. It is, at its core, an advocacy for futurism and the next generation. Sustainable Development is primarily anchored with the case of the “carrying capacity” of the planet Earth. It was already implied by several natural scientists as well as social scientists that indeed the Planet Earth increasingly finds it hard to sustain the needs of the human races because of overpopulation. These things result to poverty and hunger around the world. On the otherhand, it is increasing implied that most of the Natural Resources of the planet goes to the well-developed countries, leaving the developing and underdeveloped countries with meager resources. This further increases cases of hunger and poverty. Although it is deceptive that the call for a sustainable development should take its toll on the countries with bigger economy since they consume the most and pollute the most, it is very definite that there should be a much more intensive application in developing countries since we are just about to experience what the rest of the developed countries have already experienced. More importantly, developing countries should advocate Sustainable Development since it is a common knowledge that even if they contribute least to the causes of natural resource depletion and disruption of natural processes, they are the ones who suffer most from the devastating effects of unsustainable development. As citizens of the Republic of the Philippines, we are one of those who suffer most.

CSR disclosure in developing and developed countries: a comparative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna Bhatia ◽  
Binny Makkar
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Csr Disclosure ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Purpose This paper aims to examine and compare the nature and extent of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting practices of companies in developing (BRICS [Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa]) and developed (the USA and the UK) countries. Design/methodology/approach Content analysis is conducted on the annual reports and websites of 325 companies listed on stock exchanges of developing markets and of developed markets (Brazil – IBrX 100, 46 companies; Russia – Broad Market Index, 50 companies; India – BSE 100, 50 companies; China – SSE 180, 29 companies; South Africa – FTSE/JSE All Share index, 50 companies; the USA – NYSE 100, 50 companies; the UK – FTSE 100, 50 companies). Descriptives are used to calculate company wise and item wise scores. T-test analysis is applied to check for significant differences between mean scores of developing and developed countries. Findings The findings of the study reflect that developed countries have higher CSR disclosure scores than developing countries. Overall, mean CSR disclosure score of developed countries is 53.5%, followed by that of the developing countries at 49.4%. Developed countries take lead in CSR disclosure for all the five categories, namely, human resources, community, environment, customer and product and others. The results of independent sample T-test suggest that mean disclosure score of developing nations is significantly different from developed nations. Practical implications As suggested by the results, the gap in the CSR disclosure scores between developing and developed group of countries is not an alarming one. However, developing countries should practice CSR in spirit and not just in letter. Focus should not be on just filling the pages in black and white, rather the essence of CSR should be attained for balanced development of the country. For instance, though developing country like India has high score of CSR disclosure in contrast to each of the developed country taken in the sample, yet the country is still battling with several issues such as poverty, over-population, corruption, poor standard of working conditions for the employees and environmental conservation. Sustenance should focus upon renewable sources of energy; efforts of employees should be acknowledged offering flexible working hours; consumer trust should be built by communicating authentic and accurate information about the product. As developing countries encounter several social and environmental problems, companies must endeavor to build a healthy nation keeping in mind the welfare of all stakeholders by practicing CSR. Originality/value This study overcomes the limitations of prior cross-country studies by taking a better representative sample with greater number of countries belonging to identifiable group of “developing” and “developed” nations and thus attempts to improve generalization and authenticity of results.

Health effects of pesticides on agricultural farmers in the developing countries of Fiji, Ecuador, the Philippines, and Costa Rica versus the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imani Love ◽  
Chistina Pollanis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Global Issues

This paper will compare and contrast the reasons and statistics of development of negative health affects experienced by farmers and farm workers exposed to pesticides in both developed and developing countries. Several studies have suggested that a constant and close exposure of pesticides have negative affect on those who work closely with them. In developed countries farmers and farm workers have a lower risk of being affect by pesticides, whereas, in developing countries many workers face several disadvantages that affect the opportunities that they may be afforded. Countries in which one can clearly examine these specific global issues include developing countries such as: Ecuador, Fiji, Philippines and Costa Rica. These countries have the lack of knowledge surrounding pesticides, outdated technology, and the economic value of crops outweighing the value of human health. Whereas, within developed countries, such as the United States that are afforded more technology and that are scientifically aware and knowledgeable about pesticides, farmers and farm laborers experience improved circumstances and statistics that surround the use of pesticides amongst agricultural workers and farmers. Being that farmers and farm workers from both developed and developing countries are individuals who treat and nurture agricultural lands closely, including the application of pesticides; they inhale a high concentration of the chemicals. Another contributing factor to the inhaling of high concentration is the amount of time each worker spends concocting the mixture of insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, nematocides (used to kill nematodes, elongated cylindrical worms), and rodenticides and applying the mixture to the crops. Creation of the mixture, application of pesticides, and disposable of pesticide containers contribute in making the farmers and farm workers high at risk for developing pesticide related illnesses. By researching and further examining the various circumstances that surround the production and application of pesticides, what will be determined are what types of acute or chronic illnesses emerge and why are they more prevalent in developing countries rather than developed countries.

Challenges of waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE)

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safdar Shah Khan ◽  
Suleman Aziz Lodhi ◽  
Faiza Akhtar ◽  
Irshad Khokar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Safe Management ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the recent global situation on waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) management and recommend policy directions for designing environmental strategies. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative research approach is adopted to review studies on WEEE management in developed and developing countries. The focus is to critically consider the available options for its safe management. Findings – Approximately 40-50 million tons of WEEE is generated worldwide annually and most of it is dumped in the developing countries. WEEE is not a challenge to be faced by a single country as it has trans-boundary effects and ultimately the contamination reaches back to the developed countries with a lapse of time. Research limitations/implications – Data availability on WEEE generation and disposal is in initial stages. Practical implications – Developing countries in Asia and Africa do not have resources to handle WEEE. The unregulated and unsafe WEEE management practices in these countries let hazardous materials to disseminate into the marine life and global ecosystem. Originality/value – The paper recommends policy directions to deal with the emerging issue that may have globally far reaching consequences.

Water quality and food safety: a review and discussion of risks

Water Policy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 680-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puja Jawahar ◽  
Claudia Ringler
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
High Water ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Safety Risks

While increased diversification of developing-country diets as a result of agricultural and economic growth has improved nutritional status and human health, the increased consumption of high-value products—particularly fresh fruits, vegetables, dairy and animal products—has lead to significant food safety risks associated with unsafe management and use of water resources These risks are both magnified and masked in developing countries due to a lack of regulation combined with a dearth of data and information on the relations between water use, water quality and food safety risks. Given the likely estimated rapid increase in production, trade, and consumption of agricultural commodities with high water-related food safety risks, avoiding contamination and maintaining water quality and food safety are becoming growing public health issues in developing countries. This paper introduces the linkages between water quality and food safety, describes the causes for declining water quality levels, and identifies the various stages of the production process that are vulnerable to contamination due to water use. It concludes with a review of constraints to food safety and water quality management and identifies the main research gaps relevant to agricultural water management in developing countries.

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