Incidence of multiple antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from surface and underground water sources in south western region of Nigeria

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1929-1936 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Oluyege ◽  
A. C. Dada ◽  
A. T. Odeyemi
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative

In most rural and urban settlements, particularly in Nigeria, wells, spring, streams or rivers and lakes serves as major sources of water supply for drinking and other domestic purposes. Unfortunately, many of the available water sources are not potable without some form of treatment which is seldom available in most settings. The use of untreated surface water sources for drinking and for domestic purposes remains a major threat to public health as these could serve as reservoirs the for transfer of antibiotic resistant pathogens. The incidence of resistant bacteria isolated from surface and underground water in six rural settlements in Ekiti State Nigeria was thus investigated. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from wells, streams and boreholes in six rural settlements in Ekiti State Nigeria between January and April, 2006 and the prevalence of organisms exhibiting multiple antibiotic resistance to tetracycline, amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole, nitofurantoin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid and ofloxacin was observed. Gram-negative bacterial isolates comprised Escherichia coli (22.7%), Enterobacter aerogenes (2.5%), Salmonella spp. (13.3%), Shigella spp. (19.3%), Proteus spp. (18.5%), Klebsiella spp. (19.3%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.2%). Over 10% of the bacteria were resistant to four or more antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance was highest in members of the genera Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Proteus. Given the prevalence of appalling sanitary facilities and inappropriate public antibiotic use, the possibility of antibiotic resistance selection, faecal dissemination and subsequent contamination of local water sources available for rural residents of the developing world is highlighted. The implication for clinical practice of infections caused by antibiotic resistant strains especially among immunodeficient individuals is also discussed.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Wild Captured Loggerhead Sea Turtles

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Francesca Blasi ◽  
Luciana Migliore ◽  
Daniela Mattei ◽  
Alice Rotini ◽  
Maria Cristina Thaller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Loggerhead Sea Turtles ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Resistant Strains

Sea turtles have been proposed as health indicators of marine habitats and carriers of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, for their longevity and migratory lifestyle. Up to now, a few studies evaluated the antibacterial resistant flora of Mediterranean loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and most of them were carried out on stranded or recovered animals. In this study, the isolation and the antibiotic resistance profile of 90 Gram negative bacteria from cloacal swabs of 33 Mediterranean wild captured loggerhead sea turtles are described. Among sea turtles found in their foraging sites, 23 were in good health and 10 needed recovery for different health problems (hereafter named weak). Isolated cloacal bacteria belonged mainly to Enterobacteriaceae (59%), Shewanellaceae (31%) and Vibrionaceae families (5%). Although slight differences in the bacterial composition, healthy and weak sea turtles shared antibiotic-resistant strains. In total, 74 strains were endowed with one or multi resistance (up to five different drugs) phenotypes, mainly towards ampicillin (~70%) or sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (more than 30%). Hence, our results confirmed the presence of antibiotic-resistant strains also in healthy marine animals and the role of the loggerhead sea turtles in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in Birds From the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréa M. A. Nascimento ◽  
Luciana Cursino ◽  
Higgor Gonçalves-Dornelas ◽  
Andrea Reis ◽  
Edmar Chartone-Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Kanamycin Resistance ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Brazilian Atlantic Forest ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistant Phenotype ◽  
Animal Farms

Abstract We evaluated the antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from cloacal swabs of wild birds collected with mist nets in the Jequitinhonha river valley, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 191 isolates from 19 individuals of 16 species was obtained and tested for resistance to five antibiotics. At Salto da Divisa 97% of the isolates exhibited a resistant phenotype, and resistance to more than one antibiotic was frequent (71%). At Jequitinhonha 36% of isolates were resistant, but 94% showed resistance to only one antibiotic. Of the five antibiotics tested, resistance to ampicillin was most frequent (in both areas), whereas kanamycin resistance was found in only one isolate. The data here obtained and other data reported in the literature show that the general premise that antibiotic-resistant bacteria arise primarily in hospitals or animal farms should be reconsidered. Bactérias Gram-Negativas Resistentes a Antibióticos em Aves da Mata Atlântica Brasileira Resumo. Avaliamos a resistência a antibióticos de bactérias isoladas por swab cloacal em aves selvagens capturadas com redes de neblina em duas regiões do Vale do Rio Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram obtidos 191 isolados de 19 indivíduos de 16 espécies e foi testada a resistência desses isolados a cinco antibióticos. Em Salto da Divisa, 97% dos isolados exibiram fenótipo resistente e foi freqüente (71%) a resistência a mais de um antibiótico. Em Jequitinhonha, 36% dos isolados exibiram fenótipo resistente, dos quais 94% apresentaram resistência a apenas um antibiótico. Em ambas as áreas, a maioria dos isolados apresentou resistência à ampicilina, enquanto somente um único isolado foi resistente à canamicina. Os dados aqui obtidos e outros relatados na literatura mostram que a premissa geral de que bactérias resistentes a antibióticos surgem principalmente em hospitais ou fazendas de animais deve ser reconsiderada.

scholarly journals Detection of Multidrug Resistant Gram Negative Bacteria in Healthy Cattle from Maiduguri Metropolitan, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
Adam Mustapha ◽  
Mustafa Alhaji Isa ◽  
Ibrahim Yusuf Ngoshe ◽  
Hashidu Bala
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Healthy Cattle

Aim: Prevalence of multidrug resistant bacteria on apparently health animals has turned antibiotic resistance to multifaceted process and threatens global food security and public health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the resistance profile of isolates from apparently healthy cattle in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 120 nasal swab samples were collected from cattle. Colony identification was according to the guidelines of Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. The susceptibility pattern of the isolates was conducted on the identified isolates according to the Modified Kirby-Baur disc diffusion method on Muller-Hilton agar and interpreted according to the procedures of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2018) guidelines. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) was calculated using the formula, MARI=a/b where “a” is the number of antibiotic resisted and “b” is the total number of antibiotic used in the study. Results: Of the total samples (120) from cattle 96 (80%) detected the following isolates; E. coli was the most commonly recovered isolates (33, 34.4%), followed by Klebsiella spp (28, 29.2%), Salmonella spp (21, 21.9%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14, 14.5%). In this study, all the recovered isolates were found to be multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria, with highest resistance was shown by Salmonella spp. The high MARI observed in all the isolates in this study ranging from 0.7 to 0.9. MARI value of 0.2 > is suggests multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and indicate presence of highly resistant bacteria. Conclusion: The study indicates highly resistant bacteria are carried by healthy food animals. Thus, there is need for continued monitoring of antibiotics use in animal husbandry to prevent further spread of resistance in Maiduguri, Nigeria.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Nigerian Fermented Food Condiments

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Okafor Chibuanuli M ◽  
Ikegbunam Moses N ◽  
Nwachukwu Judith C ◽  
Ebenebe Ijeoma N ◽  
Nnanna Joy C
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Contaminated Food

Food borne diseases remain a growing public health problem gotten through the consumption of contaminated food and water. A world health organization report, 2015 estimated 600million episodes of illness due to contaminated food worldwide. Amongst all age groups, Africa bore the greatest burden of diarrhoeal diseases. Gram-negative bacteria have become a significant challenge to the control of infection as a result of acquisition of antibiotic resistant genes. This is especially of concern in Nigeria where fermented condiments are important part of daily meals and sometimes consumed without cooking. This work thus identifies Gram negative bacteria from fermented condiments and evaluates the antibiotic resistance profile of the bacterial isolates. The fermented condiments- Iru (Parkia biglobosa) (67), Ogiri-igbo (Ricinus communis) (58), Ukpaka (Pentaclethra macrophylla) (22) and Okpei (Prosopis africana) (42), were obtained from markets in Abuja, Gboko, Lokoja, Okenne, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ijebu-Ode, Ilorin, Lagos, Ondo and Ore. Coliform and faecal coliform test was done. Isolation of the Gram-negative bacteria was done using MacConkey agar. Taxonomic studies were carried out on the isolated Gram negative bacteria. Determination of antibiotic resistance profile of the Gram-negative bacteria was done by disc diffusion method. Ukpaka (Pentaclethra macrophylla) samples had the highest percentage occurrence of coliforms (100%). Faecal coliform were more prevalent in Ukpaka (20%) and Iru (16.67%). Klebsiella pneumonia was prevalent in the 3 of the fermented condiments (Iru, Ogiri and Ukpaka). Escherichia coli was the most frequent Gram-negative bacteria in Okpei samples. The relatively high recovery rates of Gram-negative bacteria shows possible contamination of fermented condiments by human pathogens. The isolates from Ukpaka showed the highest resistance (55.3%) to Cotrimoxazole. The effect of the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to antibiotics could be transmission of resistant strains from farm to house, treatment failure and a limited choice of antibiotics used for treatment. 

scholarly journals Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Nigerian Fermented Food Condiments

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Okafor Chibuanuli M ◽  
Ikegbunam Moses N ◽  
Nwachukwu Judith C ◽  
Ebenebe Ijeoma N ◽  
Nnanna Joy C
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Contaminated Food

Food borne diseases remain a growing public health problem gotten through the consumption of contaminated food and water. A world health organization report, 2015 estimated 600million episodes of illness due to contaminated food worldwide. Amongst all age groups, Africa bore the greatest burden of diarrhoeal diseases. Gram-negative bacteria have become a significant challenge to the control of infection as a result of acquisition of antibiotic resistant genes. This is especially of concern in Nigeria where fermented condiments are important part of daily meals and sometimes consumed without cooking. This work thus identifies Gram negative bacteria from fermented condiments and evaluates the antibiotic resistance profile of the bacterial isolates. The fermented condiments- Iru (Parkia biglobosa) (67), Ogiri-igbo (Ricinus communis) (58), Ukpaka (Pentaclethra macrophylla) (22) and Okpei (Prosopis africana) (42), were obtained from markets in Abuja, Gboko, Lokoja, Okenne, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ijebu-Ode, Ilorin, Lagos, Ondo and Ore. Coliform and faecal coliform test was done. Isolation of the Gram-negative bacteria was done using MacConkey agar. Taxonomic studies were carried out on the isolated Gram negative bacteria. Determination of antibiotic resistance profile of the Gram-negative bacteria was done by disc diffusion method. Ukpaka (Pentaclethra macrophylla) samples had the highest percentage occurrence of coliforms (100%). Faecal coliform were more prevalent in Ukpaka (20%) and Iru (16.67%). Klebsiella pneumonia was prevalent in the 3 of the fermented condiments (Iru, Ogiri and Ukpaka). Escherichia coli was the most frequent Gram-negative bacteria in Okpei samples. The relatively high recovery rates of Gram-negative bacteria shows possible contamination of fermented condiments by human pathogens. The isolates from Ukpaka showed the highest resistance (55.3%) to Cotrimoxazole. The effect of the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to antibiotics could be transmission of resistant strains from farm to house, treatment failure and a limited choice of antibiotics used for treatment.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Profiles of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta Caretta) of the Island of Maio, Cape Verde

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilde Costa Fernandes ◽  
Miguel L. Grilo ◽  
Eva Cunha ◽  
Carla Carneiro ◽  
Luís Tavares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Caretta Caretta ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Loggerhead Sea Turtles ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative

Abstract Background: Several studies detected high levels of antibiotic-resistance in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and pointed this species as prime reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and carriers of potentially pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to characterize, for the first time, the Gram-negative aerobic microbiota of the Cape Verdean loggerhead subpopulation. Cloacal, oral and egg content swab samples from 33 nesting loggerheads (n = 99) of the Island of Maio were analysed regarding the presence of Gram-negative bacteria and their antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles. Results: Shewanella putrefaciens (27.78%), Morganella morganii (22.22%) and Vibrio alginolyticus (22.22%) were the most prevalent species isolated from the animals under study. A low incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (26%) was detected, and no multidrug-resistant isolates were identified. Non-Enterobacteriaceae isolates presented the most complex virulence profiles, revealing the ability to produce hemolysins (100%), DNases (89%), lipases (79%), proteases (53%), lecithinases (21%), gelatinases (16%), and also biofilms (74%). Moreover, higher virulence indices were obtained for turtles with high parasite intensities compared with apparently healthy animals, and a positive correlation between antibiotic resistance and virulence was observed. Conclusions: Results suggest that this loggerhead population may be less exposed to antimicrobial compounds, probably due to the low anthropogenic impact observed in both their nesting (the Island of Maio) and foraging sites. Nevertheless, the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria expressing virulence factors may threat both sea turtles’ and humans’ health.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Prismatomeris tetrandra K. Schum Root Extract against Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 341-348
Author(s):  
On-Anong SOMSAP
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Colony Forming Units

Antibiotic resistance bacteria has become an increasing problem now today due to many factors. This study investigates the efficacy of Prismatomeris tetrandra K. Schum root extract as a new source of antibacterial activity for antibiotic resistant bacteria using agar well diffusion method. The results showed that S. aureus TISTR517 exhibited more sensitivity to P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract than other Gram-positive bacteria indicator strains. On the other hand, Gram-negative bacteria exhibited resistance to P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract. The study further showed the activity between P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract and gentamycin (10 µg), it revealed that MRSA142 was resistant to gentamycin (10µg) but sensitive to P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was evaluated by using S. aureus TISTR517 and MRSA142 as indicator strains. The MIC value was 0.59 mg/mL and 1.17 mg/mL for S. aureus TISTR517 and MRSA142, respectively. MBC assay demonstrated that the MBC value was 9.75 mg/mL and 150 mg/mL for S. aureus TISTR517 and MRSA142 respectively. The mode of action was investigated with the presence of P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract in the culture broth. The action of P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract was revealed of bacteriostatic activity due to the Optical density (OD) at 600 nm and Colony-Forming Units (CFU) of indicator strains were continuously decreased.

scholarly journals An Investigation of Antibacterial Resistance Patterns in Isolated Bacteria from Contaminated Water Samples in Poultry Slaughterhouses

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Hadis Tavafi
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Nowadays, in the poultry industry, antibiotics are used to treat, prevent, and enhance poultry growth and production efficiency. Their irregular consumption has resulted in the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in this industry. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in contaminated waters can be transmitted into soil. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from the water of chicken slaughterhouses around Hamadan (Iran) province. In this study, 20 water samples were collected from four slaughterhouses in Hamadan province (during spring and summer 2019). Initial isolation and identification of the bacteria were performed by pour plate culture and biochemical tests. The disc diffusion method was applied to investigate the resistance pattern. This study presents 109 screened isolates. Of these, 57.8% E.coli, 35.7% Salmonella spp., and 6.42% Klebsiella spp. were detected. Antibiograms of isolates showed that in E.coli, 23.09% were resistant to four types of the antibiotic tetracycline, amoxicillin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol, 76.19% had only one type of antibiotic. Antibiotics for Salmonella spp. showed that 35.9% were resistant to tetracycline, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol, 64.10% to only one type of antibiotic. Also, in Klebsiella spp., 85.71% were sensitive to antibiotics, and only 14.28% were resistant to tetracycline. Conclusion: The results showed that the rate of multiple antibiotic resistance is relatively high, and contaminated water has a high potential for soil contamination. Therefore, resistant bacteria become more stable in the environment, and the health of the environment will be endangered. Therefore, it is necessary to study the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria to study and maintain the health of the environment.

scholarly journals Synergism between Outer Membrane Proteins and Antimicrobials

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 2206-2211 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Veiga-Crespo ◽  
E. Fusté ◽  
T. Vinuesa ◽  
M. Viñas ◽  
T. G. Villa
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Outer Membrane Proteins ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Logarithmic Phase ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative

ABSTRACTAntibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming one of the most important problems in health care because of the number of resistant strains and the paucity of new effective antimicrobials. Since antibiotic-resistant bacteria will continue to increase, it is necessary to look for new alternative strategies to fight against them. It is generally accepted that Gram-negative bacteria are intrinsically less susceptible than Gram-positive bacteria to antimicrobials. The main reason is that Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a permeability barrier known as the outer membrane (OM). Hydrophilic solutes most often cross the OM through water-filled channels formed by a particular family of proteins known as porins. This work explores the possibility of using exogenous porins to lower the required amounts of antibiotics (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, clindamycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline). Porins had a bactericidal effect onEscherichia colicultures, mainly in the logarithmic phase of growth, when combined with low antibiotic concentrations. The use of different antibiotic-porin mixtures showed a bactericidal effect greater than those of antibiotics and porins when used separately. It was possible to observe different behaviors according to the antibiotic type used.

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